“STATEMENTS ON INTRODUCED BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTIONS” published by Congressional Record on Nov. 10, 2003

Volume 149, No. 162 covering the 1st Session of the 108th Congress (2003 - 2004) was published by the Congressional Record.

The Congressional Record is a unique source of public documentation. It started in 1873, documenting nearly all the major and minor policies being discussed and debated.

“STATEMENTS ON INTRODUCED BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTIONS” mentioning the Environmental Protection Agency was published in the Senate section on pages S14335-S14364 on Nov. 10, 2003.

The publication is reproduced in full below:

STATEMENTS ON INTRODUCED BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTIONS

By Ms. SNOWE (for herself and Mr. Kennedy):

S. 1843. A bill to amend titles XIX and XXI of the Social Security Act to provide for FamilyCare coverage for parents of enrolled children, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Finance.

Ms. SNOWE. Mr. President, I rise today to join my colleague, Senator Edward Kennedy of Massachusetts, in reintroducing the FamilyCare Act of 2003, which has strong bipartisan support. First developed in 2001, FamilyCare extends health insurance coverage to more Americans by expanding eligibility for the Medicaid and State-Children's Health Insurance Program.

Increasing access to the health insurance for the uninsured is as vexing an issue as Congress will consider, and no issue is as compelling. The diagnosis is clear--over 44 million Americans aren't getting the health care they need because they lack the money to pay for it. And as the most recent Census data shows, the number of Americans without health insurance is increasing--by 2 million in 2002 alone.

And yet, the number of uninsured Americans could be even higher. If it were not for Medicaid and S-CHIP, over a million more people would not have had health coverage in 2002. The percentage of children with private coverage fell from 66.7 percent in 2001 to 63.9 percent in 2002; for adults, it slipped from 73.7 percent to 72.3 percent. Fortunately, at the same time, the number and percentage of children and non-elderly adults covered by public health insurance--primarily Medicaid or the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP)--

increased.

The number of children who lost private health insurance coverage was offset from increased enrollment in public programs, which rose from 23.6 percent in 2001 to 27.1 percent in 2002; and the percentage of non-elderly adults covered rose from 9.4 percent to 10.3 percent. Taken together, this means that about 2.5 million more children and 1.6 million more non-elderly adults had health insurance coverage in 2002 because Medicaid and SCHIP expanded during the economic downturn.

We all know about the problem. The question now is, what is the best possible cure? And while we know that there is no one answer, I think we can all agree that the solutions are long overdue. I find it astonishing that here we are in the 21st century, in one of the wealthiest countries in the world, and still our citizens are going without basic coverage and care. We're talking about working families--

close to three-quarters of the nearly seven million lower-income, uninsured parents in America have jobs. They just don't have access to affordable coverage.

Year after year Congress has debated this issue. Last Congress we invested $28 billion in a reserve fund to help increase the rolls of the insured in America. Then the President, in his fiscal year 2003 budget, allocated $89 billion to help the uninsured. And finally, this Congress in its fiscal year 2004 budget established a $50 billion reserve fund. Yet, no action has been taken that actually extends coverage to the uninsured.

Now is the time to act. The news that an additional 2 million Americans joined the ranks of the uninsured in 2002 should be a wake-up call. We must work together to find common ground so that we finally can take the steps necessary to help the millions of working Americans and their families who cannot afford health insurance coverage.

And while my colleagues and I are not claiming that the FamilyCare bill is the entire answer, we do believe it is a workable, uncomplicated proposal based on a proven approach that has the potential of reaching in the neighborhood of 13 million American children and their families. With so much at stake, we ought to be building on what works, and the S-CHIP program fits the bill. In just the six short years since this program passed under the leadership of Senators Kennedy, Hatch, Rockefeller and the late John Chafee, this federal-state partnership has extended coverage to over 5 million low-

income children.

In my own home State of Maine under the ``Cub Care'' program, the number of children without health insurance has dropped dramatically. In 2003 alone, Maine extended health insurance coverage to more than 12,800 low-income children. Unfortunately, roughly 16,600 or one in seventeen children are still without health insurance in Maine. We can and must do more.

We should applaud states for taking the lead and helping to show us the answer to this crisis. But a massive national problem requires a national solution--and a good place to start is with the over four million children nationwide who are eligible for SCHIP benefits but remain unenrolled mostly because parents simply don't know the program exists.

Our FamilyCare measure narrows that ``coverage gap'' while at the same time adding to the roles of the insured in America by covering the parents of low income children. Low-income Americans--those with incomes below 200 percent of the poverty level, or about $36,000 for a family of four--comprise 65 percent of the uninsured. We take this approach because the facts tell us it works. We know that states that covered parents through S-CHIP saw a 16 percent increase in the number of children enrolled in their program versus only 3 percent for states that enrolled only children. . .

We also know from the Commonwealth Fund's May 2001 report that almost 90 percent of low-income children who have insured parents themselves are insured as compared to just 348 percent of children with an uninsured parent . . . And we know that low-income children with insured parents are more than twice as likely to have health insurance as children with uninsured parents.

That's because states can insure parents at the same time they insure the children--offering ``one-stop-shopping'' that also helps ensure that services hit their intended target and provides for family-based continuity of care. The FamilyCare bill adopts this proven approach and with so many pieces already in place we should be able to get moving on this because, frankly, if not now, when? And if not now, why? In these times of trouble, how could we face the American people and tell them we are unwilling to help address one of our nation's highest priorities? How could we explain that we reneged on our obligation to right this national wrong?

That's why we want to work with our Committee leadership to see that FamilyCare is included to the greatest extent possible in any proposal that the Finance Committee considers when it develops its proposal to extend coverage to the uninsured. Because, like a letter mailed without an address, benefits that aren't delivered to our children are benefits that might as well not exist. The bottom line is, parental coverage ensures that children will be more likely to be enrolled in S-CHIP, and the FamilyCare Act of 2003 will help us provide insurance to as many as 13 million parents and children.

I look forward to working with my colleagues to see that this bill gets passed and I urge you all to support this bill.

Mr. KENNEDY. Mr. President, it's a privilege to join Senator Snowe in introducing the Family Care Act to expand health coverage to millions of families. The Family Care Act builds on the success of the Child Health Insurance Program, by expanding it to cover the parents of low income children, so that the whole family is eligible for affordable coverage. This expansion is the next logical step toward the day when the basic right to health care will be a reality for every American.

Parents across America get up every day, go to work, and play by the rules. But all their hard work does not buy them the health insurance they need to keep themselves and their loved ones healthy or to protect their family when serious illness strikes. They can't afford the coverage on their own, and their employers don't provide it. Family Care is a practical solution for millions of hardworking families, and it deserves to be a national priority.

Six years ago, Congress passed bipartisan legislation to cover uninsured children in families whose income is too high for Medicaid but not high enough to afford private coverage. Today, the Children's Health Insurance Program brings quality health care to over 5 million children. But there are still millions of children who are uninsured, even though they are eligible for coverage, and even those who are insured cannot truly enjoy a healthy life when their parents are sick and can't afford the care they need.

Our bill is an important step to build on the Children's Health Insurance Program. Over 80 percent of children who are uninsured or enrolled in Medicaid or CHIP have uninsured parents. Expanding CHIP to cover parents as well as children will make a huge difference to millions of working families.

The legislation will also help sign up the large number of children who are already eligible for health coverage through CHIP or Medicaid, but who have never enrolled. The numbers are dramatic. Ninety-five percent of low-income uninsured children are eligible for Medicaid or CHIP. If we can enroll all of these children, we will be taking a giant step toward the day when every child has the opportunity for a healthy start in life.

Our legislation makes it easier for families to register and stay covered. We also know that many families lose coverage because complicated applications and burdensome requirements make it hard to stay insured. Under our bill families will have a simple application and they won't have to enroll over and over again. When parents enroll, they will enroll their children, too.

These are long-overdue steps to give many more Americans the health coverage they deserve. Family Care is a health care bill of rights for millions of hardworking parents and their children, and I urge its prompt consideration and adoption by the Congress.

______

By Mr. INHOFE:

S. 1844. A bill to amend the Clean Air Act to reduce air pollution through expansion of cap and trade programs, to provide an alternative regulatory classification for units subject to the cap and trade program, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Environment and Public Works.

Mr. INHOFE. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the text of the bill be printed in the Record.

There being no objection, the bill was ordered to be printed in the Record, as follows:

S. 1844

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.

(a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``Clear Skies Act of 2003''.

(b) Table of Contents.--The table of contents of this Act is as follows:

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.

Sec. 2. Emission reduction programs.

TITLE IV--EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAMS

Part A--General Provisions

Sec. 401. (reserved)

Sec. 402. Definitions.

Sec. 403. Allowance system.

Sec. 404. Permits and compliance plans.

Sec. 405. Monitoring, reporting, and recordkeeping requirements.

Sec. 406. Excess emissions penalty; general compliance with other provisions; enforcement.

Sec. 407. Election for additional units.

Sec. 408. Clean coal technology regulatory incentives.

Sec. 409. Electricity reliability

Part B--Sulfur Dioxide Emission Reductions

Sec. 411. Definitions.

Sec. 412. Allowance allocation.

Sec. 413. Phase I sulfur dioxide requirements.

Sec. 414. Phase II sulfur dioxide requirements.

Sec. 415. Allowances for States with emissions rates at or below 0.80 lbs/mmbtu.

Sec. 416. Election for additional sources.

Sec. 417. Auctions, reserve.

Sec. 418. Industrial sulfur dioxide emissions.

Sec. 419. Termination.

Sec. 421. Definitions.

Sec. 422. Applicability.

Sec. 423. Limitations on total emissions.

Sec. 424. EGU allocations.

Sec. 425 Sulfur dioxide early action reduction credits.

Sec. 426. Disposition of sulfur dioxide allowances allocated under subpart 1.

Sec. 427. Incentives for sulfur dioxide emission control technology.

Sec. 431. Definitions.

Sec. 432. Applicability.

Sec. 433. Limitations on total emissions.

Sec. 434. EGU allocations.

Sec. 435. Wrap early action reduction credits.

Part C--Nitrogen Oxides Clear Skies Emission Reductions

Sec. 441. Nitrogen oxides emission reduction program.

Sec. 442. Termination.

Sec. 451. Definitions.

Sec. 452. Applicability.

Sec. 453. Limitations on total emissions.

Sec. 454. EGU allocations.

Sec. 455. Nitrogen oxides early action reduction credits.

Sec. 461. Definitions.

Sec. 462. General provisions.

Sec. 463. Applicable implementation plan.

Sec. 464. Termination of Federal administration of nox trading program for EGUs.

Sec. 465. Carryforward of pre-2008 nitrogen oxides allowances.

Sec. 466. Non-ozone season voluntary action credits.

Part D--Mercury Emissions Reductions

Sec. 471. Definitions.

Sec. 472. Applicability.

Sec. 473. Limitations on total emissions.

Sec. 474. EGU allocations.

Sec. 475. Mercury early action reduction credits.

Part E--National Emission Standards; Research; Environmental Accountability; Major Source Preconstruction Review and Best Available

Retrofit Control Technology Requirements

Sec. 481. National emission standards for affected units.

Sec. 482. Research, environmental monitoring, and assessment.

Sec. 483. Major source preconstruction review requirements and best available retrofit control technology requirements; applicability to affected units.

Sec. 3. Other amendments.

SEC. 2. EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAMS.

Title IV of the Clean Air Act (relating to acid deposition control) (42 U.S.C. 7651, et seq.) is amended to read as follows:

TITLE IV--EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAMS

Part A--General Provisions

SEC. 401. (RESERVED)

SEC. 402. DEFINITIONS.

As used in this title--

(1) The term ``affected EGU'' shall have the meaning set forth in section 421, 431, 451, or 471, as appropriate.

(2) The term ``affected facility'' or ``affected source'' means a facility or source that includes one or more affected units.

(3) The term ``affected unit'' means--

(A) under this part, a unit that is subject to emission reduction requirements or limitations under part B, C, or D or, if applicable, under a specified part or subpart; or

(B) under subpart 1 of part B or subpart 1 of part C, a unit that is subject to emission reduction requirements or limitations under that subpart.

(4) The term ``allowance'' means--

(A) an authorization, by the Administrator under this title, to emit one ton of sulfur dioxide, one ton of nitrogen oxides, or one ounce of mercury; or

(B) under subpart 1 of part B, an authorization by the Administrator under this title, to emit one ton of sulfur dioxide.

(5)(A) The term ``baseline heat input'' means, except under subpart 1 of part B and section 407, the average annual heat input used by a unit during the 3 years in which the unit had the highest heat input for the period 1998 through 2002.

(B) Notwithstanding subparagraph (A), if a unit commenced or commences operation after January 1, 2001, then ``baseline heat input'' means the manufacturer's design heat input capacity for the unit multiplied by 80 percent for coal-fired units, 50 percent for boilers that are not coal-fired, 80 percent for combustion turbine cogeneration units elected under section 407, 50 percent for combustion turbines other than simple cycle turbines, and 5 percent for simple cycle combustion turbines.

(C) A unit's heat input for a year shall be the heat input--

(i) required to be reported under section 405 for the unit, if the unit was required to report heat input during the year under that section;

(ii) reported to the Energy Information Administration for the unit, if the unit was not required to report heat input under section 405;

(iii) based on data for the unit reported to the State where the unit is located as required by State law, if the unit was not required to report heat input during the year under section 405 and did not report to the Energy Information Administration; or

(iv) based on fuel use and fuel heat content data for the unit from fuel purchase or use records, if the unit was not required to report heat input during the year under section 405 and did not report to the Energy Information Administration and the State.

(D) Not later than 3 months after the enactment of the Clear Skies Act of 2003, the Administrator shall promulgate regulations, without notice and opportunity for comment, specifying the format in which the information under subparagraphs (B)(ii) and (C)(ii), (iii), or (iv) shall be submitted. Not later than 9 months after the enactment of the Clear Skies Act of 2003, the owner or operator of any unit under subparagraph (B)(ii) or (C)(ii), (iii), or (iv) to which allowances may be allocated under section 424, 434, 454, or 474 shall submit to the Administrator such information. The Administrator is not required to allocate allowances under such sections to a unit for which the owner or operator fails to submit information in accordance with the regulations promulgated under this subparagraph.

(6) The term ``coal'' means any solid fuel classified as anthracite, bituminous, subbituminous, or lignite.

(7) The term ``coal-derived fuel'' means any fuel (whether in a solid, liquid, or gaseous state) produced by the mechanical, thermal, or chemical processing of coal.

(8) The term ``coal-fired'' with regard to a unit means, except under subpart 1 of part B, subpart 1 of part C, and sections 424 and 434, combusting coal or any coal-derived fuel alone or in combination with any amount of any other fuel in any year.

(9) The term ``cogeneration unit'' means, except under subpart 1 of part B and subpart 1 of part C, a unit that produces through the sequential use of energy:

(A) electricity; and

(B) useful thermal energy (such as heat or steam) for industrial, commercial, heating, or cooling purposes.

(10) The term ``combustion turbine'' means any combustion turbine that is not self-propelled. The term includes, but is not limited to, a simple cycle combustion turbine, a combined cycle combustion turbine and any duct burner or heat recovery device used to extract heat from the combustion turbine exhaust, and a regenerative combustion turbine. The term does not include a combined turbine in an integrated gasification combined cycle plant.

(11) The term ``commence commercial operation'' with regard to a unit means the start up of the unit's combustion chamber and the commencement of the generation of electricity for sale.

(12) The term ``compliance plan'' means either--

(A) a statement that the facility will comply with all applicable requirements under this title, or

(B) under subpart 1 of part B or subpart 1 of part C, where applicable, a schedule and description of the method or methods for compliance and certification by the owner or operator that the facility is in compliance with the requirements of that subpart.

(13) The term ``continuous emission monitoring system''

(CEMS) means the equipment as required by section 405, used to sample, analyze, measure, and provide on a continuous basis a permanent record of emissions and flow (expressed in pounds per million British thermal units (lbs/mmBtu), pounds per hour (lbs/hr) or such other form as the Administrator may prescribe by regulations under section 405.

(14) The term ``designated representative'' means a responsible person or official authorized by the owner or operator of a unit and the facility that includes the unit to represent the owner or operator in matters pertaining to the holding, transfer, or disposition of allowances, and the submission of and compliance with permits, permit applications, and compliance plans.

(15) The term ``duct burner'' means a combustion device that uses the exhaust from a combustion turbine to burn fuel for heat recovery.

(16) The term ``fossil fuel'' means natural gas, petroleum, coal, or any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such material.

(17) The term ``fossil fuel-fired'' with regard to a unit means combusting fossil fuel, alone or in combination with no more than ten percent of other fuel.

(18) The term ``fuel oil'' means a petroleum-based fuel, including diesel fuel or petroleum derivatives.

(20) The term ``gas-fired'' with regard to a unit means, except under subpart 1 of part B and subpart 1 of part C, combusting only natural gas or fuel oil, with natural gas comprising at least 90 percent, and fuel oil comprising no more than 10 percent, of the unit's total heat input in any year.

(21) The term ``gasify'' means to convert carbon-containing material into a gas consisting primarily of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

(22) The term ``generator'' means a device that produces electricity and, under subpart 1 of part B and subpart 1 of part C, that is reported as a generating unit pursuant to Department of Energy Form 860.

(23) The term ``heat input'' with regard to a specific period of time means the product (in mmBtu/time) of the gross calorific value of the fuel (in mmBtu/lb) and the fuel feed rate into a unit (in lb of fuel/time) and does not include the heat derived from preheated combustion air, recirculated flue gases, or exhaust.

(24) The term ``integrated gasification combined cycle plant'' means any combination of equipment used to gasify fossil fuels (with or without other material) and then burn the gas in a combined cycle combustion turbine.

(25) The term ``oil-fired'' with regard to a unit means, except under sections 424 and 434, combusting fuel oil for 10 percent or more of the unit's total heat input, and combusting no coal or coal-derived fuel, in any year.

(26) The term ``owner or operator'' with regard to a unit or facility means, except for subpart 1 of part B and subpart 1 of part C, any person who owns, leases, operates, controls, or supervises the unit or the facility.

(27) The term ``permitting authority'' means the Administrator, or the State or local air pollution control agency, with an approved permitting program under title V of the Act.

(28) The term ``potential electrical output'' with regard to a generator means the nameplate capacity of the generator multiplied by 8,760 hours.

(29) The term ``simple cycle combustion turbine'' means a combustion turbine that does not extract heat from the combustion turbine exhaust gases.

(30) The term ``stationary source'' means any building, structure, facility, or installation located on one or more contiguous or adjacent properties under common control or ownership of the same person or persons which emits or may emit any air pollutant subject to regulations under the Clear Skies Act of 2003.

(31) The term ``State'' means--

(A) one of the 48 contiguous States, Alaska, Hawaii, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, or the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands; or

(B) under subpart 1 of part B and subpart 1 of part C, one of the 48 contiguous States or the District of Columbia.

(32) The term ``unit'' means--

(A) a fossil fuel-fired boiler, combustion turbine, or integrated gasification combined cycle plant; or

(B) under subpart 1 of part B and subpart 1 of part C, a fossil fuel-fired combustion device.

(33) The term ``utility unit'' shall have the meaning set forth in section 411.

(34) The term ``year'' means calendar year.

SEC. 403. ALLOWANCE SYSTEM.

(a) Allocations in General.--

(1) For the emission limitation programs under this title, the Administrator shall allocate annual allowances for an affected unit, to be held or distributed by the designated representative of the owner or operator in accordance with this title as follows--

(A) sulfur dioxide allowances in an amount equal to the annual tonnage emission limitation calculated under section 413, 414, 415, or 416, except as otherwise specifically provided elsewhere in subpart 1 of part B, or in an amount calculated under section 424 or 434,

(B) nitrogen oxides allowances in an amount calculated under section 454, and

(C) mercury allowances in an amount calculated under section 474.

(2) Notwithstanding any other provision of law to the contrary, the allocation of any allowances for any unit or facility under sections 424, 434, 454, and 474 shall not be enjoined.

(3) Allowances shall be allocated by the Administrator without cost to the recipient, in accordance with this title.

(b) Allowance Transfer System.--Allowances allocated or sold by the Administrator under this title may be transferred among designated representatives of the owners or operators of affected facilities under this title and any other person, as provided by the allowance system regulations promulgated by the Administrator. With regard to sulfur dioxide allowances, the Administrator shall implement this subsection under 40 C.F.R. Part 73 (2002), amended as appropriate by the Administrator. With regard to nitrogen oxides allowances and mercury allowances, the Administrator shall implement this subsection by promulgating regulations not later than 24 months after the date of enactment of the Clear Skies Act of 2003. The regulations under this subsection shall establish the allowance system prescribed under this section, including, but not limited to, requirements for the allocation, transfer, and use of allowances under this title. Such regulations shall prohibit the use of any allowance prior to the calendar year for which the allowance was allocated and shall provide, consistent with the purposes of this title, for the identification of unused allowances, and for such unused allowances to be carried forward and added to allowances allocated in subsequent years, except as otherwise provided in section 425. Such regulations shall provide, or shall be amended to provide, that transfers of allowances shall not be effective until certification of the transfer, signed by a responsible official of the transferor, is received and recorded by the Administrator.

(c) Allowance Tracking System.--The Administrator shall promulgate regulations establishing a system for issuing, recording, and tracking allowances, which shall specify all necessary procedures and requirements for an orderly and competitive functioning of the allowance system. Such system shall provide, by twenty-four months prior to the compliance year, for one or more facility-wide accounts for holding sulfur dioxide allowances, nitrogen oxides allowances, and, if applicable, mercury allowances for all affected units at an affected facility. With regard to sulfur dioxide allowances, the Administrator shall implement this subsection under 40 C.F.R. Part 73 (2002), amended as appropriate by the Administrator. With regard to nitrogen oxides allowances and mercury allowances, the Administrator shall implement this subsection by promulgating regulations not later than 24 months after the date of enactment of the Clear Skies Act of 2003. All allowance allocations and transfers shall, upon recording by the Administrator, be deemed a part of each unit's or facility's permit requirements pursuant to section 404, without any further permit review and revision.

(d) Nature of Allowances.--A sulfur dioxide allowance, nitrogen oxides allowance, or mercury allowance allocated or sold by the Administrator under this title is a limited authorization to emit one ton of sulfur dioxide, one ton of nitrogen oxides, or one ounce of mercury, as the case may be, in accordance with the provisions of this title. Such allowance does not constitute a property right. Nothing in this title or in any other provision of law shall be construed to limit the authority of the United States to terminate or limit such authorization. Nothing in this section relating to allowances shall be construed as affecting the application of, or compliance with, any other provision of this Act to an affected unit or facility, including the provisions related to applicable National Ambient Air Quality Standards and State implementation plans. Nothing in this section shall be construed as requiring a change of any kind in any State law regulating electric utility rates and charges or affecting any State law regarding such State regulation or as limiting State regulation (including any prudency review) under such a State law. Nothing in this section shall be construed as modifying the Federal Power Act or as affecting the authority of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission under that Act. Nothing in this title shall be construed to interfere with or impair any program for competitive bidding for power supply in a State in which such program is established. Allowances, once allocated or sold to a person by the Administrator, may be received, held, and temporarily or permanently transferred in accordance with this title and the regulations of the Administrator without regard to whether or not a permit is in effect under title V of the Clean Air Act or section 404 of the Clear Skies Act of 2003 with respect to the unit for which such allowance was originally allocated and recorded.

(e) Prohibition.--

(1) It shall be unlawful for any person to hold, use, or transfer any allowance allocated or sold by the Administrator under this title, except in accordance with regulations promulgated by the Administrator.

(2) It shall be unlawful for any affected unit or for the affected units at a facility to emit sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and mercury, as the case may be, during a year in excess of the number of allowances held for that unit or facility for that year by the designated representative as provided in sections 412(c), 422, 432, 452, and 472.

(3) The owner or operator of a facility may purchase allowances directly from the Administrator to be used only to meet the requirements of sections 422, 432, 452, and 472, as the case may be, for the year in which the purchase is made or the prior year. Not later than 36 months after the date of enactment of the Clear Skies Act of 2003, the Administrator shall promulgate regulations providing for direct sales of sulfur dioxide allowances, nitrogen oxides allowances, and mercury allowances to an owner or operator of a facility. The regulations shall provide that--

(A) such allowances may be used only to meet the requirements of section 422, 432, 452, and 472, as the case may be, for such facility and for the year in which the purchase is made or the prior year,

(B) each such sulfur dioxide allowance shall be sold for

$2,000, each such nitrogen oxides allowance shall be sold for

$4,000, and each such mercury allowance shall be sold for

$2,187.50, with such prices adjusted for inflation based on the Consumer Price Index on the date of enactment of the Clear Skies Act of 2003 and annually thereafter,

(C) the proceeds from any sales of allowances under subparagraph (B) shall be, in accordance with paragraph (j), deposited in the Compliance Assistance Account,

(D) except for allowances subject to (E), the allowances directly purchased for use for the year specified in subparagraph (A) shall be, on a pro rata basis, taken from, and reduce, the amount of sulfur dioxide allowances, nitrogen oxides allowances, or mercury allowances, as the case may be, that would otherwise be allocated under section 423, 453, or 473 starting for the second year after the specified year and continuing for each subsequent year as necessary,

(E) if the designated representative does not use any such allowance in accordance with paragraph (A) the designated representative shall hold the allowance for deduction by the Administrator. The Administrator shall deduct the allowance without refund or other form of recompense.

(4) Allowances may not be used prior to the calendar year for which they are allocated but may be used in succeeding years. Nothing in this section or in the allowance system regulations shall relieve the Administrator of the Administrator's permitting, monitoring and enforcement obligations under this Act, nor relieve affected facilities of their requirements and liabilities under the Act.

(f) Competitive Bidding for Power Supply.--Nothing in this title shall be construed to interfere with or impair any program for competitive bidding for power supply in a State in which such program is established.

(g) Applicability of the Antitrust Laws.--(1) Nothing in this section affects--

(A) the applicability of the antitrust laws to the transfer, use, or sale of allowances, or

(B) the authority of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission under any provision of law respecting unfair methods of competition or anticompetitive acts or practices.

(2) As used in this section, ``antitrust laws'' means those Acts set forth in section 1 of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 12), as amended.

(h) Public Utility Holding Company Act.--The acquisition or disposition of allowances pursuant to this title including the issuance of securities or the undertaking of any other financing transaction in connection with such allowances shall not be subject to the provisions of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935.

(i) Interpollutant Trading.--Not later than July 1, 2009, the Administrator shall furnish to the Congress a study evaluating the environmental and economic consequences of amending this title to permit trading sulfur dioxide allowances for nitrogen oxides allowances and nitrogen oxides allowances for sulfur dioxide allowances.

(j) Compliance Assistance Account.--An account shall be established by the Secretary of Energy in consultation with the Administrator:

(1) Payments or monies deposited in this account in accordance with this title shall be used for the purpose of developing emission control technologies through direct grants to affected units that demonstrate new control technologies regulated under this title.

(2) The Secretary of Energy in consultation with the Administrator shall promulgate regulations with notice and opportunity for comment to establish criteria for affected units to quality for this subsection.

SEC. 404. PERMITS AND COMPLIANCE PLANS.

(a) Permit Program.--The provisions of this title shall be implemented, subject to section 403, by permits issued to units and facilities subject to this title and enforced in accordance with the provisions of title V, as modified by this title. Any such permit issued by the Administrator, or by a State with an approved permit program, shall prohibit--

(1) annual emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and mercury in excess of the number of allowances required to be held in accordance with sections 412(c), 422, 432, 452, and 472,

(2) exceeding applicable emissions rates under section 441,

(3) the use of any allowance prior to the year for which it was allocated and

(4) contravention of any other provision of the permit.

No permit shall be issued that is inconsistent with the requirements of this title, and title V as applicable.

(b) Compliance Plan.--Each initial permit application shall be accompanied by a compliance plan for the facility to comply with its requirements under this title. Where an affected facility consists of more than one affected unit, such plan shall cover all such units, and such facility shall be considered a ``facility'' under section 502(c). Nothing in this section regarding compliance plans or in title V shall be construed as affecting allowances.

(1) Submission of a statement by the owner or operator, or the designated representative of the owners and operators, of a unit subject to the emissions limitation requirements of sections 412(c), 413, 414, and 441, that the unit will meet the applicable emissions limitation requirements of such sections in a timely manner or that, in the case of the emissions limitation requirements of sections 412(c), 413, and 414, the owners and operators will hold sulfur dioxide allowances in the amount required by section 412(c), shall be deemed to meet the proposed and approved compliance planning requirements of this section and title V, except that, for any unit that will meet the requirements of this title by means of an alternative method of compliance authorized under section 413 (b),

(c), (d), or (f), section 416, and section 441 (d) or (e), the proposed and approved compliance plan, permit application and permit shall include, pursuant to regulations promulgated by the Administrator, for each alternative method of compliance a comprehensive description of the schedule and means by which the unit will rely on one or more alternative methods of compliance in the manner and time authorized under subpart 1 of part B or subpart 1 of part C.

(2) Submission of a statement by the owner or operator, or the designated representative, of a facility that includes a unit subject to the emissions limitation requirements of sections 422, 432, 452, and 472 that the owner or operator will hold sulfur dioxide allowances, nitrogen oxide allowances, and mercury allowances, as the case may be, in the amount required by such sections shall be deemed to meet the proposed and approved compliance planning requirements of this section and title V with regard to subparts A through D.

(3) Recording by the Administrator of transfers of allowances shall amend automatically, and will not reopen or require reopening of, any or all applicable proposed or approved permit applications, compliance plans and permits.

(c) Permits.--The owner or operator of each facility under this title that includes an affected unit subject to title V shall submit a permit application and compliance plan with regard to the applicable requirements under sections 412(c), 422, 432, 441, 452, and 472 for sulfur dioxide emissions, nitrogen oxide emissions, and mercury emissions from such unit to the permitting authority in accordance with the deadline for submission of permit applications and compliance plans under title V. The permitting authority shall issue a permit to such owner or operator, or the designated representative of such owner or operator, that satisfies the requirements of title V and this title.

(d) Amendment of Application and Compliance Plan.--At any time after the submission of an application and compliance plan under this section, the applicant may submit a revised application and compliance plan, in accordance with the requirements of this section.

(e) Prohibition.--

(1) It shall be unlawful for any person to operate any facility subject to this title except in compliance with the terms and requirements of a permit application and compliance plan (including amendments thereto) or permit issued by the Administrator or a State with an approved permit program. For purposes of this subsection, compliance, as provided in section 504(f), with a permit issued under title V which complies with this title for facilities subject to this title shall be deemed compliance with this subsection as well as section 502(a).

(2) In order to ensure reliability of electric power, nothing in this title or title V shall be construed as requiring termination of operations of a unit serving a generator for failure to have an approved permit or compliance plan under this section.

(f) Certificate of Representation.--No permit shall be issued under this section to an affected unit or facility until the designated representative of the owners or operators has filed a certificate of representation with regard to matters under this title, including the holding and distribution of allowances and the proceeds of transactions involving allowances.

(g) Multiple Owners.--No permit shall be issued under this section to an affected unit until the designated representative of the owners or operators has filed a certificate of representation with regard to matters under this title, including the holding and distribution of allowances and the proceeds of transactions involving allowances. Where there are multiple holders of a legal or equitable title to, or a leasehold interest in, such a unit, or where a utility or industrial customer purchases power from an affected unit (or units) under life-of-the-unit, firm power contractual arrangements, the certificate shall state:

(1) that allowances and the proceeds or transactions involving allowance will be deemed to be held or distributed in proportion to each holder's legal, equitable, leasehold, or contractual reservation or entitlement, or

(2) if such multiple holders have expressly provided for a different distribution of allowances by contract, that allowances and the proceeds of transactions involving allowances will be deemed to be held or distributed in accordance with the contract.

A passive lessor, of a person who has an equitable interest through such lessor, whose rental payments are not based, either directly or indirectly, upon the revenues or income from the affected unit shall not be deemed to be a holder of a legal, equitable, leasehold, or contractual interest for the purposes of holding or distributing allowances as provided in this subsection, unless expressly provided for in the leasehold agreement. Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, where all legal or equitable title to or interest in an affected unit is held by a single person, the certification shall state that all allowances received by the unit are deemed to be held for that person.

SEC. 405. MONITORING, REPORTING, AND RECORDKEEPING

REQUIREMENTS.

(a) Applicability.--

(1)(A) The owner and operator of any facility subject to this title shall be required to install and operate CEMS on each affected unit subject to subpart 1 of part B or subpart 1 of part C at the facility, and to quality assure the data, for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, opacity, and volumetric flow at each such unit.

(B) The Administrator shall, by regulations, specify the requirements for CEMS under subparagraph (A), for any alternative monitoring or compliance system that is demonstrated as providing information which is reasonably of the same precision, reliability, accessibility, and timeliness as that provided by CEMS, and for recordkeeping and reporting of information from such systems. Such regulations may include limitations on the use of alternative compliance methods by units equipped with an alternative monitoring system as may be necessary to preserve the orderly functioning of the allowance system, and which will ensure to a reasonable extent the emissions reductions contemplated by this title. Where two or more units utilize a single stack, a separate CEMS shall not be required for each unit, and for such units the regulations shall require that the owner or operator collect sufficient information to permit reliable compliance determinations for each such unit.

(2)(A) The owner and operator of any facility subject to this title shall be required to install and operate CEMS to monitor the emissions from each affected unit at the facility, and to quality assure the data for--

(i) sulfur dioxide, opacity, and volumetric flow for all affected units subject to subpart 2 of part B at the facility,

(ii) nitrogen oxides for all affected units subject to subpart 2 of part C at the facility, and

(iii) mercury for all affected units subject to part D at the facility.

(B)(i) The Administrator may specify an alternative monitoring or compliance system for determining mercury emissions. In specifying such alternative monitoring or compliance systems, the lack of commercially available appropriate and reasonable vendor guarantees shall constitute a reasonable and permissible basis for specifying alternative monitoring or compliance systems for mercury.

(ii) The regulations under clause (i) may include limitations on the use of alternative compliance methods by units equipped with an alternative monitoring system as may be necessary to preserve the orderly functioning of the allowance system, and which will ensure to a reasonable extent the emissions reductions contemplated by this title.

(iii) The regulations under clause (i) shall not require a separate CEMS or other monitoring system for each unit where two or more units utilize a single stack and shall require that the owner or operator collect sufficient information to permit reliable compliance determinations for such units.

(b) Deadlines.--

(1) New utility units.--Upon commencement of commercial operation of each new utility unit under subpart I of part B, the unit shall comply with the requirements of subsection

(a)(1).

(2) Deadline for affected units under subpart 2 of part b for installation and operation of cems.--By the later of the date 12 months before the commencement date of the sulfur dioxide allowance requirement of section 422, or the date on which the unit commences operation, the owner or operator of each affected unit under subpart 2 of part B shall install and operate CEMS, quality assure the data, and keep records and reports in accordance with the regulations issued under paragraph (a)(2) with regard to sulfur dioxide, opacity, and volumetric flow.

(3) Deadline for affected units under subpart 3 of part b for installation and operation of cems.--By the first covered year or the. date on which the unit commences commercial operation, the owner or operator of each affected unit under subpart 3 of part B shall install and operate CEMS, quality assure the data, and keep records and reports in accordance with the regulations issued under paragraph (a)(2) with regard to sulfur dioxide and volumetric flow.

(4) Deadline for affected units under subpart 2 of part c for installation and Operation of cems.--By the later of the date the nitrogen oxides allowance requirement under section 452, or the date on which the unit commences operation, the owner or operator of each affected unit under subpart 2 of part C shall install and operate CEMS, quality assure the data, and keep records and reports in accordance with the regulations issued under paragraph (a)(2) with regard to nitrogen oxides.

(5) Deadline for affected units under part d for installation and operation of cems.--By the later of the date 12 months before the commencement date of the mercury allowance requirement of section 472 applies to such unit and commences commercial operation, or the date on which the unit commences operation, the owner or operator of each affected unit under part D shall install and operate CEMS, quality assure the data, and keep records and reports in accordance with the regulations issued under paragraph (a)(2) with regard to mercury.

(c) Unavailability of Emissions Data.--If CEMS data or data from an alternative monitoring system approved by the Administrator under subsection (a) is not available for any affected unit during any period of a calendar year in which such data is required under this title, and the owner or operator cannot provide information, reasonably satisfactory to the Administrator, on emissions during that period, the Administrator in coordination with the owner shall calculate emissions for that period pursuant to regulations promulgated for such purpose. The owner or operator shall be liable for excess emissions fees and offsets under section 406 in accordance with such regulations. Any fee due and payable under this subsection shall not diminish the liability of the unit's owner or operator for any fine, penalty, fee or assessment against the unit for the same violation under any other section of this Act.

(d) Implementation.--With regard to sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, opacity, and volumetric flow, the Administrator shall implement subsections (a) and (c) under 40 C.F.R. Part 75 (2002), amended as appropriate by the Administrator. With regard to mercury, the Administrator shall implement subsections (a) and (c) by issuing proposed regulations not later than 36 months before the commencement date of the mercury allowance requirement under section 472 and final regulations not later than 24 months before that commencement date.

(e) Prohibition.--It shall be unlawful for the owner or operator of any facility subject to this title to operate a facility without complying with the requirements of this section, and any regulations implementing this section.

SEC. 406. EXCESS EMISSIONS PENALTY; GENERAL COMPLIANCE WITH

OTHER PROVISIONS; ENFORCEMENT.

(a) Excess Emissions Penalty.--

(1) Amount for oxides of nitrogen.--The owner or operator of any unit subject to the requirements of section 441 that emits nitrogen oxides for any calendar year in excess of the allowances the operator holds for the unit for that calendar year shall be liable for the payment of an excess emissions penalty, except where such emission were authorized pursuant to section 110(f). That penalty shall be calculated on the basis of the number of tons emitted in excess of the number of allowances held by the operator for the unit for that calendar year multiplied by $2,000.

(2) Amount for sulfur dioxide before 2008.--The owner or operator of any unit subject to the requirements of section 412(c) that emits sulfur dioxide for any calendar year before 2008 in excess of the sulfur dioxide allowances the owner or operator holds for use for the unit for that calendar year shall be liable for the payment of an excess emissions penalty, except where such emissions were authorized pursuant to section 110(f) or (g). That penalty shall be calculated as follows:

(A) the product of the unit's excess emissions (in tons) multiplied by $2,000, if within thirty days after the date on which the owner or operator was required to hold sulfur dioxide allowances--

(i) the owner or operator offsets the excess emissions in accordance with paragraph (b)(1); and

(ii) the Administrator receives the penalty payment required under this subparagraph.

(B) if the requirements of clause (A)(i) or (A)(ii) are not met, the product of the unit's excess emissions (in tons) multiplied by $4,000.

(3) Amount for sulfur dioxide after 2007.--If the units at a facility that are subject to the requirements of section 412(c) emit sulfur dioxide for any calendar year after 2007 in excess of the sulfur dioxide allowances that the owner or operator of the facility holds for use for the facility for that calendar year, the owner or operator shall be liable for the payment of an excess emissions penalty, except where such emissions were authorized pursuant to section 110(f). That penalty shall be calculated under paragraph (4)(A) or (4)(B).

(4) Units subject to sections 422, 432, 452, or 472.--If the units at a facility that are subject to the requirements of section 422, 432, 452, or 472 emit sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, or mercury for any calendar year in excess of the sulfur dioxide allowances, nitrogen oxides allowances, or mercury allowances, as the case may be, that the owner or operator of the facility holds for use for the facility or units for that calendar year, the owner or operator shall be liable for the payment of an excess emissions penalty, except where such emissions were authorized pursuant to section 110(f). That penalty shall be calculated as follows:

(A) the product of the units' excess emissions (in tons or, for mercury emissions, in ounces) multiplied by the annual average price of sulfur dioxide allowances, nitrogen oxides allowances, or mercury allowances, as the case may be, sold between allowance holders and recorded in the Allowance Tracking System, if within sixty days after the date on which the owner or operator was required to hold sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides allowance, or mercury allowances as the case may be--

(i) the owner or operator offsets the excess emissions in accordance with paragraph (b)(2) or (b)(3), as applicable; and

(ii) the Administrator receives the penalty required under this subparagraph.

(B) if the requirements of clause (A)(i) or (A)(ii) are not met, the amount of the units' excess emissions (in tons or, for mercury emissions, in ounces) multiplied by the average annual price of sulfur dioxide allowances, nitrogen oxides allowances, or mercury allowances, as the case may be, sold between allowance holders and recorded in the Allowance Tracking System.

(5) Payment.--Any penalty under paragraph 1, 2, 3, or 4 shall be due and payable without demand to the Administrator as provided in regulations issued by the Administrator. With regard to the penalty under paragraph 1, the Administrator shall implement this paragraph under 40 CFR Part 77 (2002), amended as appropriate by the Administrator. With regard to the penalty under paragraphs 2, 3, and 4, the Administrator shall implement this paragraph by issuing regulations no later than 24 months after the date of enactment of the Clear Skies Act of 2003. Any such payment shall be deposited in the Compliance Assistance Account.

(b) Excess Emissions Offset.--

(1) The owner or operator of any unit subject to the requirements of section 412(c) that emits sulfur dioxide during any calendar year before 2008 in excess of the sulfur dioxide allowances held for the unit for the calendar year shall be liable to offset the excess emissions by an equal tonnage amount in the following calendar year, or such longer period as the Administrator may prescribe. The Administrator shall deduct sulfur dioxide allowances equal to the excess tonnage from those held for the facility for the calendar year, or succeeding years during which offsets are required, following the year in which the excess emissions occurred.

(2) If the units at a facility that are subject to the requirements of section 412(c) emit sulfur dioxide for a year after 2007 in excess of the sulfur dioxide allowances that the owner or operator of the facility holds for use for the facility for that calendar year, the owner or operator shall be liable to offset the excess emissions by an equal amount of tons in the following calendar year, or such longer period as the Administrator may prescribe. The Administrator shall deduct sulfur dioxide allowances equal to the excess emissions in tons from those held for the facility for the year, or succeeding years during which offsets are required, following the year in which the excess emissions occurred.

(3) If the units at a facility that are subject to the requirements of section 422, 432, 452, or 472 emit sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, or mercury for any calendar year in excess of the sulfur dioxide allowances, nitrogen oxides allowances, or mercury allowances, as the case may be, that the owner or operator of the facility holds for use for the facility for that calendar year, the owner or operator shall be liable to offset the excess emissions by an equal amount of tons or, for mercury, ounces in the following calendar year, or such longer period as the Administrator may prescribe. The Administrator shall deduct sulfur dioxide allowances, nitrogen oxide allowances, or mercury allowances, as the case may be, equal to the excess emissions in tons or, for mercury, ounces from those held for the facility for the year, or succeeding years during which offsets are required, following the year in which the excess emissions occurred.

(c) Penalty Adjustment.--The Administrator shall, by regulation, adjust the penalty specified in subsection (a)(1) and (a)(2) for inflation, based on the Consumer Price Index, on November 15, 1990, and annually thereafter.

(d) Prohibition.--It shall be unlawful for the owner or operator of any unit or facility liable for a penalty and offset under this section to fail--

(1) to pay the penalty under subsection (a); or

(2) to offset excess emissions as required by subsection

(b).

(e) Savings Provision.--Nothing in this title shall limit or otherwise affect the application of section 113, 114, 120, or 304 except as otherwise explicitly provided in this title.

(f) Other Requirements.--Except as expressly provided, compliance with the requirements of this title shall not exempt or exclude the owner or operator of any facility subject to this title from compliance with any other applicable requirements of this Act. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Act, no State or political subdivision thereof shall restrict or interfere with the transfer, sale, or purchase of allowances under this title.

(g) Violations.--Violation by any person subject to this title of any prohibition of, requirement of, or regulation promulgated pursuant to this title shall be a violation of this Act. In addition to the other requirements and prohibitions provided for in this title, the operation of any affected unit or the affected units at a facility to emit sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, or mercury in violation of section 412(c), 422, 432, 452, and 472, as the case may be, shall be deemed a violation, with each ton or, in the case of mercury, each ounce emitted in excess of allowances held constituting a separate violation.

SEC. 407. ELECTION FOR ADDITIONAL UNITS.

(a) Applicability.--The owner or operator of any unit that is not an affected EGU under subpart 2 of part B and subpart 2 of part C and whose emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are vented only through a stack or duct may elect to designate such unit as an affected unit under subpart 2 of part B and subpart 2 of part C. If the owner or operator elects to designate a unit that is solid fuel-fired and emits mercury vented only through a stack or duct, the owner or operator shall also designate the unit as an affected unit under part D. If elected unit fires only gaseous fuels, designation may be made under subpart 2 of part C only.

(b) Application.--The owner or operator making an election under subsection (a) shall submit an application for the election to the Administrator for approval.

(c) Approval.--If an application for an election under subsection (b) meets the requirements of subsection (a), the Administrator shall approve the designation as an affected unit under subpart 2 of part B and subpart 2 of part C and, if applicable, under part D, subject to the requirements in subsections (d) through (m).

(d) Establishment of Baseline.--

(1) After approval of the designation under subsection (c), the owner or operator shall install and operate GEMS on the unit, and shall quality assure the data, in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (a)(2) and subsections (c) through (e) of section 405, except that, where two or more units utilize a single stack, separate monitoring shall be required for each unit unless all units utilizing the single stack are designated as affected units.

(2) The baselines for heat input and sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emission rates, as the case may be, for the unit shall be the unit's heat input and the emission rates of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides for a year starting after approval of the designation under subsection (c). The Administrator shall issue regulations requiring the unit's baselines for heat input and sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emission rates to be based on the same year and specifying minimum requirements concerning the percentage of the unit's operating hours for which quality assured CEMS data must be available during such year. The baseline heat input and emissions baselines in this subparagraph shall be calculated, at the election of the owner or operator of the relevant unit, under (i) or (ii):

(i) for heat input, the average of the unit's highest heat input for three years of the five years before the year for which the Administrator is determining the allocations and for emissions baselines, the average of the relevant emissions for the same years used to determine heat input.

(ii) for heat input, the average of any period of twenty-four consecutive months during a ten-year period immediately prior to submission of an application under subsection (b), and for emissions baselines, the average of the relevant emissions for the same twenty-four month period used to calculate heat input.

(3) The regulations implementing subparagraphs (2) shall authorize the use of any reliable data on emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in addition to, and other than, data collected pursuant to paragraph (1), including, but not limited to, alternative data that has been used to determine compliance with a regulatory or monitoring requirement under this Act or a comparable State law if the data establishes a reliable measure of heat input and sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emissions over a simultaneous period of time; or if such data is not available, the Administrator may prescribe a baseline based on alternative reliable data. In determining the reliability of data, the Administrator may consider the cost of generating more reliable data compared to the quantitative importance of the resulting gain in quantifying emissions.

(e) Emission Limitations.--After approval of the designation of the unit under paragraph (c), the unit shall become:

(1) an affected unit under subpart 2 of part B, and shall be allocated sulfur dioxide allowances under paragraph (f), starting the later of January 1, 2010, or January 1 of the year after approval of the designation;

(2) an affected unit under subpart 2 of part C, and shall be allocated nitrogen oxides allowances under paragraph (f), starting the later of January 1, 2010, or January 1 of the year after approval of the designation; and

(3) if applicable, an affected unit under part D, and shall be allocated mercury allowances, starting the later of January l, 2010, or January 1 of the year after approval of designation.

(f) Allocations.--

(1) Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.--The Administrator shall promulgate regulations determining the allocations of sulfur dioxide allowances and nitrogen oxides allowances for each year during which a unit is an affected unit under subsection (e). The regulations shall provide for allocations equal to 70 percent of the following amounts beginning January 1, 2010, and 50 percent of the following amounts beginning January 1, 2018 the unit's baseline heat input under subsection (d) multiplied by the lesser of--

(A) the unit's baseline sulfur dioxide emission rate or nitrogen oxides emission rate as the case may be; or

(B) the unit's most stringent State or Federal emission limitation for sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxides applicable to the year on which the unit's baseline heat input is based under subsection (d).

(2) Mercury.--The Administrator shall promulgate regulations providing for the allocation of mercury allowances to solid fuel-fired units designated under this section for each year after January 1, 2010 during which a unit is a designated unit under this section. The regulations shall provide for allocations equal to the lesser of the following amounts--

(A) the unit's annual allowable emissions rate for mercury under the national emissions standards for hazardous air pollutants for boilers and process heaters multiplied by the unit's baseline heat input; or

(B) the unit's most stringent State or Federal emission limitation for mercury emissions rate multiplied by the unit's baseline heat input.

(3) Limitation.--Allowances allocated to electing units under subparagraphs (1) and (2) shall comprise a separate limitation on emissions from sections 423, 433, 453, 473, or other section of this Act. These allowances for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, or mercury, as the case may be, shall be tradeable with allowances allocated under sections 414, 424, 454, 474, as applicable, provided that

(A) electing units may only trade nitrogen oxides within the respective zones established under section 452 within which the electing unit is located, and

(B) affected units within the WRAP States may only purchase sulfur dioxide allowances allocated or otherwise distributed by the Administrator to electing units within the WRAP States, and will not be counted for purposes the affected unit's emissions within the meaning of the WRAP Annex.

(4) Incentives for early reductions.--The Administrator shall promulgate regulations within 18 months authorizing the allocation of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and mercury allowances to units designated under this section that install or modify pollution control equipment or combustion technology improvements identified in such regulations after the date of enactment of this section and prior to January 1, 2010. No allowances shall be allocated under this paragraph for emissions reductions attributable to: pollution control equipment or combustion technology improvements that were operational or under construction at any time prior to the date of enactment of this section; fuel switching; or compliance with any Federal regulation. The allowances allocated to any unit under this paragraph shall be in addition to the allowances allocated under paragraphs (1) and

(2) and sections 414, 424, 434, 454 and 474 and shall be allocated in an amount equal to one allowance of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides for each 1.05 tons of reduction in emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, respectively, and 1.05 ounces of reduction in the emissions of mercury achieved by the pollution control equipment or combustion technology improvements starting with the year in which the equipment or improvement is implemented.

(g) Withdrawal.--The Administrator shall promulgate regulations withdrawing from the approved designation under subsection (c) any unit that qualifies as an affected EGU under subpart 2 of part B or subpart 2 of part C, or part D after the approval of the designation of the unit under subsection (c).

(h) Regulations.--The Administrator shall promulgate regulations implementing this section within 18 months of the date of enactment of the Clear Skies Act of 2003.

(i) Application Period.--Applications for designation of units under this section shall be accepted by the Administrator beginning not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this section and the Administrator shall approve or disapprove of each application within 90 days of receipt.

(j) Neshap Applicability.--

(1) A unit that is designated as an affected unit under this section shall not be subject to any national emissions standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP) promulgated pursuant to section 112(d) after November 10, 2003, except that units that are boilers or process heaters shall be subject on and after January 1, 2010 to the emissions limitation for mercury, and associated monitoring and compliance requirements, that would be applicable to such units under the NESHAP for boilers and process heaters promulgated pursuant to section 112(d).

(2) Not later than 18 months after the date of enactment of this section, the Administrator shall publish and make available for public comment, a peer reviewed preliminary report characterizing the emissions and public health effects that may reasonably be anticipated to occur from the implementation of paragraph (1) and subsection (f). No NESHAP for boilers and process heaters shall be promulgated under section 112(d) until the conclusion of, and considering, this report. Under section 112(n)(1)(A), the Administrator shall publish a final report, including responses to the comments received, not later than 30 months after such date. The requirements of section 112(n)(1)(A), for purposes of this paragraph, shall be amended as follows. The report shall include:

(A) an estimate of the numbers and types of sources that are expected to be designated under this section;

(B) an estimate of any increase or decrease in the annual emissions of criteria pollutants and of those hazardous air pollutants subject to emission limitations under the NESHAPs identified in paragraph (1) from such sources that may reasonably be expected to occur for each year through 2018;

(C) an estimate of any increase or decrease in the annual emissions of criteria pollutants and of those hazardous air pollutants subject to emission limitations under the NESHAPs identified in paragraph (1) from such sources that might reasonably be expected to occur for each year through 2018, if such sources estimated in subparagraph (A) are not designated under this section; and

(D) a description of the public health and environmental impacts associated with the emissions increases and decreases described in subparagraphs (B) and (C).

Notwithstanding paragraph (1), the Administrator shall have the authority to regulate emissions of hazardous air pollutants listed under section 112(b), other than mercury compounds, from sources designated under this section in accordance with the regime set forth in section 112(f)(2). The Administrator shall make a determination based on the study and other information satisfying the criteria of the Data Quality Act whether to establish emissions limitations under section 112(f) for sources designated under this section, not later than 24 months after the final report is published. The determination shall be a final agency action subject to judicial review under section 307 and the Administrative Procedures Act.

(k) Other Combustion Sources.--The owner or operator of an affected unit designated under this section may elect to designate other combustion sources, such as kilns and furnaces (including sources that are not operated to generate electricity) that are located on the same property as affected units under this section provided that the emissions from such sources are vented through a stack or duct. A source that is designated as an affected unit under this section shall not be subject to any national emissions standards for hazardous air pollutants promulgated pursuant to section 112(d) after August 2003. The Administrator shall have the authority to regulate emissions of hazardous air pollutants listed under section 112(b), other than mercury compounds, by units designated as affected units under this section in accordance with the regime set forth in sections 112(n)(1)(A) and 112(f)(2) through (4). Any such regulation shall not require compliance with emissions limitations for such pollutants before January l, 2018.

(l) Exemption From Major Source Preconstruction Review Requirements and Best Available Retrofit Control Technology Requirements.--

(1) Major source exemption.--A unit designated as an affected unit under this section shall not be considered a major source, or a part of a major emitting facility or major stationary source for purposes of compliance with the requirements of parts C and D of title I. This exemption only applies if, beginning 8 years after the date of enactment of this section, or designation as an affected unit,--

(A) the designated unit either achieves in fact, or is subject to a regulatory requirement to achieve, a limit on the emissions of particulate matter from the affected unit to the level not greater than the level applicable to the unit either pursuant to subpart Db of 40 CFR Part 60 or the national emissions standards for hazardous air pollutants for industrial boilers and process heaters issued pursuant to section 112; or the owner or operator of the affected unit properly operates, maintains and repairs pollution control equipment to limit emissions of particulate matter and

(B) the owner or operator of the designated unit uses good combustion practices to minimize emissions of carbon monoxide.

(2) Class i area protections.--Notwithstanding the exemption in paragraph (1), an affected unit located within 50 km of a Class I area on which construction commences after the date of enactment of this section is subject to those provisions under part C of title I to the review of a new or modified major stationary source's impact on a Class I area.

(m) Limitation.--Any unit designated under this section shall not transfer or bank allowances produced as a result of reduced utilization or shutdown. In no case may the Administrator allocate to a source designated under this section allowances in an amount greater than the emissions resulting from operation of the source in full compliance with the requirements of this Act. No such allowances shall authorize operation of a unit in violation of any other requirements of this Act.

SEC. 408. CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGY REGULATORY INCENTIVES.

(a) Definition.--For purposes of this section, ``clean coal technology'' means any technology, including technologies applied at the precombustion, combustion, or post combustion stage, at a new or existing facility which will achieve significant reductions in air emissions of sulfur dioxide or oxides of nitrogen associated with the utilization of coal in the generation of electricity, process steam, or industrial products, which is not in widespread use as of November 15, 1990.

(b) Revised Regulations for Clean Coal Technology Demonstrations.--

(1) Applicability.--This subsection applies to physical or operational changes to existing facilities for the sole purpose of installation, operation, cessation, or removal of a temporary or permanent clean coal technology demonstration project. For the purposes of this section, a clean coal technology demonstration project shall mean a project using funds appropriated under the heading ``Department of Energy--Clean Coal Technology'', up to a total amount of

$2,500,000,000 for commercial demonstration of clean coal technology, or similar projects funded through appropriations for the Environmental Protection Agency. The Federal contribution for qualifying project shall be at least twenty percent of the total cost of the demonstration project.

(2) Temporary projects.--Installation, operation, cessation, or removal of a temporary clean coal technology demonstration project that is operated for a period of 5 years or less, and which complies with the State implementation plans for the State in which the project is located and other requirements necessary to attain and maintain the national ambient air quality standards during and after the project is terminated, shall not subject such facility to the requirements of section 111 or part C or D of title I.

(3) Permanent projects.--For permanent clean coal technology demonstration projects that constitute repowering as defined in section 411, any qualifying project shall not be subject to standards of performance under section 111 or to the review and permitting requirements of part C for any pollutant the potential emissions of which will not increase as a result of the demonstration project.

(4) EPA regulations.--Not later than twelve months after November 15, 1990, the Administrator shall promulgate regulations or interpretive rulings to revise requirements under section 111 and parts C and D, as appropriate, to facilitate projects consistent in this subsection. With respect to parts C and D, such regulations or rulings shall apply to all areas in which EPA is the permitting authority. In those instances in which the State is the permitting authority under part C or D, any State may adopt and submit to the Administrator for approval revisions to its implementation plan to apply the regulations or rulings promulgated under this subsection.

(c) Exemption for Reactivation of Very Clean Units.--Physical changes or changes in the method of operation associated with the commencement of commercial operations by a coal-fired utility unit after a period of discontinued operation shall not subject the unit to the requirements of section 111 or part C of the Act where the unit--

(1) has not been in operation for the two-year period prior to November 15, 1990, and the emissions from such unit continue to be carried in the permitting authority's emissions inventory on November 15, 1990,

(2) was equipped prior to shut-down with a continuous system of emissions control that achieves a removal efficiency for sulfur dioxide of no less than 85 percent and a removal efficiency for particulates of no less than 98 percent,

(3) is equipped with low-NOX burners prior to the time of commencement, and

(4) is otherwise in compliance with the requirements of this Act.

SEC. 409. ELECTRICITY RELIABILITY.

(a) Reliability.--

(1) Applicability.--At any time prior the applicability of this Act under sections 422, 432, 454, and 474, in order to ensure the reliability of an electric utility company or system, including a system cooperatively or municipally owned, for a specified geographic area or service territory, as determined by the Department of Energy in consultation with the Administrator, during the installation of sulfur dioxide pollution control technology or scrubbers, nitrogen oxides, mercury or particulate matter control technology, or any combination thereof, the owner or operator of an affected unit may meet the requirements of sections 422, 434, 454, 474 by means of the compliance procedures of this subsection (a).

(2) Petition.--The owner or operator of an affected unit that believes it may experience an adverse impact on the reliability of the company or system as a result, in substantial part, of the need to construct sulfur dioxide pollution control equipment or scrubbers, nitrogen oxides, mercury or particulate matter control technology, or any combination thereof, may petition the Secretary of Energy, in consultation with the Administrator, for a determination that, to a reasonable degree of certainty, reliability will likely be threatened. Upon such a determination, the owner or operator may elect to adopt a compliance method meeting the requirements of this subsection.

A. Within 12 months of enactment the Secretary of Energy shall promulgate regulations describing the requirements for a petition and the petition process, which will include notice and public comment. The Secretary of Energy, in consultation with the Administrator, shall make a final determination on a petition within 180 days of the submittal of a reasonably complete petition. Failure to act within the 180-day period will extend the applicability by 12 months for all units subject to the petition.

B. The petition must contain,

(i) a description of each affected unit, the estimated outage time and a construction schedule;

(ii) an estimate of demand from date of applicability until 2018;

(iii) the impacts on reliability associated with constructing all of the pollution control projects, including those for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, mercury, or particulate matter, by the respective deadlines; and

(iv) how the proposed compliance schedule would alleviate detrimental impacts.

C. If the Secretary of Energy fails to promulgate final regulations or such regulations are not effective for any reason, within the prescribed time, petitions containing reasonably sufficient information for a final determination may be submitted to the Secretary of Energy and will be deemed complete.

(3) Final determination.--In making a final determination the Secretary of Energy, in consultation with the Administrator, shall consider the following factors, provided that not all factors need be present to make a determination that, to a reasonable degree, reliability will be threatened:

(A) The ability of vendors to supply scrubbers; scrubber system equipment, materials and scrubber affected balance of plant equipment including, but not limited to, fans, pumps, electric motors, motor drives, dampers, electrical power supply equipment; at fair prices with meaningful guarantees or warranties as to availability, delivery dates and meeting contracted pollution control reduction requirements or emissions limitations; with similar considerations for nitrogen oxides, mercury or particulate matter control technology, or any combination thereof;

(B) The availability and limitations of key sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides or mercury controls design resources and North American construction resources. The design resources shall include but not be limited to Architect Engineering companies experienced in the design of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, mercury or particulate matter control technology. The construction resources shall include but not be limited to construction companies with experience in the construction of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, mercury, or particulate matter control technology and trained and experienced labor resources including but not limited to boilermakers, iron workers, electricians, mechanics;

(C) The feasibility to complete the construction of all pollution control technology projects by the relevant applicability compliance deadline;

(D) The impact in terms of unit outages and construction schedules on a company or systems reliability and whether such impact is unreasonable;

(i) Unreasonable shall be presumed to be an increase in the price of purchase power of (10) percent over the estimated cost in cents per kilowatt for the company, system or state, utilized in the latest submissions to a relevant state or federal agency; or

(ii) A projected reduction in available generating capacity such that adequate reserve margins for a company, system or state do not exist, as determined by the Secretary of Energy in coordination with the relevant federal or state utility agency or reliability council; or

(iii) A supply shortage of coal needed to meet emissions control expectations for any proposed emissions control device.

(E) An company or system which submits a petition to install sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, mercury, or particulate matter control technology, or any combination thereof, on affected units equaling twenty-five percent or more of its coal-fired capacity shall be presumed to meet the requirements of a positive determination from the Secretary of Energy.

(4) Compliance.--Upon a positive determination by the Secretary of Energy in accordance with the paragraph (3), such affected units will be granted a one year extension from the relevant applicability date under this title.

(b) During any year covered by this title, an affected unit may submit a petition in accordance with paragraph (a)(2) to allow use of sulfur dioxide allowances, nitrogen oxides allowances, and mercury allowances, as the case may be, allocated for the immediate next year to meet the applicable requirement to hold such allowances equal to the petitioned year's emissions.

(c) Presidential Waiver.--Notwithstanding subsection (a) or any other provision of this Act, The President of the United States shall have authority to temporarily grant waivers from emission limitations under sections 412, 422, 432, 452, and 472, as the case may be, if the President determines that the reliability of any portion of national electricity supply or national security is imperiled.

Part B--Sulfur Dioxide Emission Reductions

Subpart 1--Acid Rain Program

SEC. 411. DEFINITIONS.

For purposes of this subpart and subpart 1 of part B:

(1) The term ``actual 1985 emission rate'', for electric utility units means the annual sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxides emission rate in pounds per million Btu as reported in the 1985 National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program

(NAPAP) Emissions Inventory, Version 2, National Utility Reference File (NURF). For nonutility units, the term

``actual 1985 emission rate'' means the annual sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxides emission rate in pounds per million Btu as reported in the NAPAP Emission Inventory, Version 2.

(2) The term ``allowable 1985 emissions rate'' means a federally enforceable emissions limitation for sulfur dioxide or oxides of nitrogen, applicable to the unit in 1985 or the limitation applicable in such other subsequent year as determined by the Administrator if such a limitation for 1985 does not exist. Where the emissions limitation for a unit is not expressed in pounds of emissions per million Btu, or the averaging period of that emissions limitation is not expressed on an annual basis, the Administrator shall calculate the annual equivalent of that emissions limitation.

(3) The term ``alternative method of compliance'' means a method of compliance in accordance with one or more of the following authorities--

(A) a substitution plan submitted and approved in accordance with subsections 413(b) and (c); or

(B) a Phase I extension plan approved by the Administrator under section 413(d), using qualifying phase I technology as determined by the Administrator in accordance with that section.

(4) The term ``baseline'' means the annual quantity of fossil fuel consumed by an affected unit, measured in millions of British Thermal Units (``mmBtu's''), calculated as follows:

(A) For each utility unit that was in commercial operation prior to January 1, 1985, the baseline shall be the annual average quantity of mmBtu's consumed in fuel during calendar years 1985, 1986, and 1987, as recorded by the Department of Energy pursuant to Form 767. For any utility unit for which such form was not filed, the baseline shall be the level specified for such unit in the 1985 (NAPAP) Emissions Inventory, Version 2, (NURF) or in a corrected data base as established by the Administrator pursuant to paragraph (3). For nonutility units, the baseline in the NAPAP Emissions Inventory, Version 2. The Administrator, in the Administrator's sole discretion, may exclude periods during which a unit is shutdown for a continuous period of 4 calendar months or longer, and make appropriate adjustments under this paragraph. Upon petition of the owner or operator of any unit, the Administrator may make appropriate baseline adjustments for accidents, strikes, disruptions of fuel supplies, failure of equipment, other causes beyond the reasonable control of the owner or operator of the unit that caused prolonged outages.

(B) For any other nonutility unit that is not included in the NAPAP Emissions Inventory, Version 2, or a corrected data base as established by the Administrator pursuant to paragraph (3), the baseline shall be the annual average quantity, in mmBtu consumed in fuel by that unit, as calculated pursuant to a method which the Administrator shall prescribe by regulation to be promulgated not later than 18 months after November 15, 1990.

(C) The Administrator shall, upon application or on his own motion, by December 31, 1991, supplement data needed in support of this subpart and correct any factual errors in data from which affected Phase II units' baselines or actual 1985 emission rates have been calculated. Corrected data shall be used for purposes of issuing allowances under this subpart. Such corrections shall not be subject to judicial review, nor shall the failure of the Administrator to correct an alleged factual error in such reports be subject to judicial review.

(5) The term ``basic Phase II allowance allocations'' means:

(A) For calendar years 2000 through 2009 inclusive, allocations of allowances made by the Administrator pursuant to section 412 and subsections (b)(1), (3), and (4); (c)(1),

(2), (3), and (5); (d)(1), (2), (4), and (5); (e); (f);

(g)(1), (2), (3), (4), and (5); (h)(1); (i) and (j) of section 414.

(B) For each calendar year beginning in 2010, allocations of allowances made by the Administrator pursuant to section 412 and subsections (b)(1), (3), and (4); (c)(1), (2), (3), and (5); (d)(1), (2), (4) and (5); (e); (f); (g)(1), (2),

(3), (4), and (5); (h)(1) and (3); (i) and (j) of section 414.

(6) The term ``capacity factor'' means the ratio between the actual electric output from a unit and the potential electric output from that unit.

(7) The term ``commenced'' as applied to construction of any new electric utility unit means that an owner or operator has undertaken a continuous program of construction or that an owner or operator has entered into a contractual obligation to undertake and complete, within a reasonable time, a continuous program of construction.

(8) The term ``commenced commercial operation'' with regard to a unit means the start up of the unit's combustion chamber and commencement of the generation of electricity for sale.

(9) The term ``construction'' means fabrication, erection, or installation of an affected unit.

(10) The term ``existing unit'' means a unit (including units subject to section 111) that commenced commercial operation before November 15, 1990. Any unit that commenced commercial operation before November 15, 1990 which is modified, reconstructed, or repowered after November 15, 1990 shall continue to be an existing unit for the purposes of this subpart. For the purposes of this subpart, existing units shall not include simple combustion turbines, or units which serve a generator with a nameplate capacity of 25 MWe or less.

(11) The term ``independent power producer'' means any person who owns or operates, in whole or in part, one or more new independent power production facilities.

(12) The term ``new independent power production facility'' means a facility that--

(A) is used for the generation of electric energy, 80 percent or more of which is sold at wholesale;

(B) in nonrecourse project-financed (as such term is defined by the Secretary of Energy within 3 months of the date of the enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990); and

(C) is a new unit required to hold allowances under this subpart.

(13) The term ``industrial source'' means a unit that does not serve a generator that produces electricity, a

``nonutility unit'' as defined in this section, or a process source.

(14) The term ``life-of-the-unit, firm power contractual arrangement'' means a unit participation power sales agreement under which a utility or industrial customer reserves, or is entitled to receive, a specified amount or percentage of capacity and associated energy generated by a specified generating unit (or units) and pays its proportional amount of such unit's total costs, pursuant to a contract either--

(A) for the life of the unit;

(B) for a cumulative term of no less than 30 years, including contracts that permit an election for early termination; or

(C) for a period equal to or greater than 25 years or 70 percent of the economic useful life of the unit determined as of the time the unit was built, with option rights to purchase or release some portion of the capacity and associated energy generated by the unit (or units) at the end of the period.

(15) The term ``new unit'' means a unit that commences commercial operation on or after November 15, 1990.

(16) The term ``nonutility unit'' means a unit other than a utility unit.

(17) The term ``Phase II bonus allowance allocations'' means, for calendar year 2000 through 2009, inclusive, and only for such years, allocations made by the Administrator pursuant to section 412, subsections (a)(2), (b)(2), (c)(4),

(d)(3) (except as otherwise provided therein), and (h)(2) of section 414, and section 415.

(18) The term ``qualifying phase I technology'' means a technological system of continuous emission reduction which achieves a 90 percent reduction in emissions of sulfur dioxide from the emissions that would have resulted from the use of fuels which were not subject to treatment prior to combustion.

(19) The term ``repowering'' means replacement of an existing coal-fired boiler with one of the following clean coal technologies: atmospheric or pressurized fluidized bed combustion, integrated gasification combined cycle, magneto-hydrodynamics, direct and indirect coal-fired turbines, integrated gasification fuel cells, or as determined by the Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary of Energy, a derivative of one or more of these technologies, and any other technology capable of controlling multiple combustion emissions simultaneously with improved boiler or generation efficiency and with significantly greater waste reduction relative to the performance of technology in widespread commercial use as of November 15, 1990.

(20) The term ``reserve'' means any bank of allowances established by the Administrator under this subpart.

(21)(A) The term ``utility unit'' means--

(i) a unit that serves a generator located in any State and that produces electricity for sale, or

(ii) a unit that, during 1985, served a generator located in any State and that produced electricity for sale.

(B) Notwithstanding subparagraph (A), a unit described in subparagraph (A) that--

(i) was in commercial operation during 1985, but

(ii) did not during 1985, serve a generator in any State that produced electricity for sale shall not be a utility unit for purposes of this subpart.

(C) A unit that cogenerates steam and electricity is not a

``utility unit'' for purposes of this subpart unless the unit is constructed for the purpose of supplying, or commences construction after November 15, 1990 and supplies more than one-third of its potential electric output capacity of more than 25 megawatts electrical output to any utility power distribution system for sale.

SEC. 412. ALLOWANCE ALLOCATION.

(a) Except as provided in sections 414(a)(2), 415(a)(3), and 416, beginning January 1, 2000, the Administrator shall not allocate annual emission allowances for sulfur dioxide from utility units in excess of 8.90 million tons except that the Administrator shall not take into account unused allowances carried forward by owners and operators of affected units or by other persons holding such allowances, following the year for which they were allocated. If necessary to meeting the restrictions imposed in the preceding sentence, the Administrator shall reduce, pro rata, the basic Phase II allowance allocations for each unit subject to the requirements of section 414. Subject to the provisions of section 417, the Administrator shall allocate allowances for each affected until at an affected source annually, as provided in paragraphs (2) and (3) and section 404. Except as provided in sections 416, the removal of an existing affected unit or source from commercial operation at any time after November 15, 1990 (whether before or after January 1, 1995, or January 1, 2000), shall not terminate or otherwise affect the allocation of allowances pursuant to section 413 or 414 to which the unit is entitled. Prior to June 1, 1998, the Administrator shall publish a revised final statement of allowance allocations, subject to the provisions of section 414(a)(2).

(b) New Utility Units.--

(1) After January 1, 2000 and through December 31, 2007, it shall be unlawful for a new utility unit to emit an annual tonnage of sulfur dioxide in excess of the number of allowances to emit held for the unit by the unit's owner or operator.

(2) Starting January 1, 2008, a new utility unit shall be subject to the prohibition in subsection (c)(3).

(3) New utility units shall not be eligible for an allocation of sulfur dioxide allowances under subsection

(a)(1), unless the unit is subject to the provisions of subsection (g)(2) or (3) of section 414. New utility units may obtain allowances from any person, in accordance with this title. The owner or operator of any new utility unit in violation of subsection (b)(1) or subsection(c)(3) shall be liable for fulfilling the obligations specified in section 406.

(c) Prohibitions.--

(1) It shall be unlawful for any person to hold, use, or transfer any allowance allocated under this subpart, except in accordance with regulations promulgated by the Administrator.

(2) For any year 1995 through 2007, it shall be unlawful for any affected unit to emit sulfur dioxide in excess of the number of allowances held for that unit for that year by the owner or operator of the unit.

(3) Starting January 1, 2008, it shall be unlawful for the affected units at a source to emit a total amount of sulfur dioxide during the year in excess of the number of allowances held for the source for that year by the owner or operator of the source.

(4) Upon the allocation of allowances under this subpart, the prohibition in paragraphs (2) and (3) shall supersede any other emission limitation applicable under this subpart to the units for which such allowances are allocated.

(d) In order to ensure electricity reliability, regulations establishing a system for issuing, recording, and tracking allowances under section 403(b) and this subpart shall not prohibit or affect temporary increases and decreases in emissions within utility systems, power pools, or utilities entering into allowance pool agreements, that result from their operations, including emergencies and central dispatch, and such temporary emissions increases and decreases shall not require transfer of allowances among units nor shall it require recording. The owners or operators of such units shall act through a designated representative. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, the total tonnage of emissions in any calendar year (calculated at the end thereof) from all units in such a utility system, power pool, or allowance pool agreements shall not exceed the total allowances for such units for the calendar year concerned, including for calendar years after 2007, allowances held for such units by the owner or operator of the sources where the units are located.

(e) Where there are multiple holders of a legal or equitable title to, or a leasehold interest in, an affected unit, or where a utility or industrial customer purchases power from an affected unit (or units) under life-of-the-unit, firm power contractual arrangements, the certificate of representation required under section 404(f) shall state--

(1) that allowances under this subpart and the proceeds of transactions involving such allowances will be deemed to be held or distributed in proportion to each holder's legal, equitable, leasehold, or contractual reservation or entitlement, or

(2) if such multiple holders have expressly provided for a different distribution of allowances by contract, that allowances under this subpart and the proceeds of transactions involving such allowances will be deemed to be held or distributed in accordance with the contract.

A passive lessor, or a person who has an equitable interest through such lessor, whose rental payments are not based, either directly or indirectly, upon the revenues or income from the affected unit shall not be deemed to be a holder of a legal, equitable, leasehold, or contractual interest for the purpose of holding or distributing allowances as provided in this subsection, during either the term of such leasehold or thereafter, unless expressly provided for in the leasehold agreement. Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, where all legal or equitable title to or interest in an affected unit is held by a single person, the certification shall state that all allowances under this subpart received by the unit are deemed to be held for that person.

SEC. 413. PHASE I SULFUR DIOXIDE REQUIREMENTS.

(a) Emission Limitations.--

(1) After January 1, 1995, each source that includes one or more affected units listed in table A is an affected source under this section. After January 1, 1995, it shall be unlawful for any affected unit (other than an eligible phase I unit under section 413(d)(2)) to emit sulfur dioxide in excess of the tonnage limitation stated as a total number of allowances in table A for phase 1, unless--

(A) the emissions reduction requirements applicable to such unit have been achieved pursuant to subsection (b) or (d), or

(B) the owner or operator of such unit holds allowances to emit not less than the unit's total annual emissions, except that, after January 1, 2000, the emissions limitations established in this section shall be superseded by those established in section 414. The owner or operator of any unit in violation of this section be fully liable for such violation including, but not limited to, liability for fulfilling the obligations specified in section 406.

(2) Not later than December 31, 1991, the Administrator shall determine the total tonnage of reductions in the emissions of sulfur dioxide from all utility units in calendar year 1995 that will occur as a result of compliance with the emissions limitation requirements of this section, and shall establish a reserve of allowances equal in amount to the number of tons determined thereby not to exceed a total of 3.50 million tons. In making such a determination, the Administrator shall compute for each unit subject to the emissions limitation requirements of this section the difference between--

(A) the product of its baseline multiplied by the lesser of each unit's allowable 1985 emissions rate and its actual 1985 emissions rate, divided by 2,000, and

(B) the product of each unit's baseline multiplied by 2.50 lbs/mmBtu divided by 2,000, and sum the computations. The Administrator shall adjust the foregoing calculation to reflect projected calendar year 1995 utilization of the units subject to the emissions limitations of this subpart that the Administrator finds would have occurred in the absence of the imposition of such requirements. Pursuant to subsection (d), the Administrator shall allocate allowances from the reserve established hereunder until the earlier of such time as all such allowances in the reserve are allocated or December 31, 1999.

(3) In addition to allowances allocated pursuant to paragraph (1), in each calendar year beginning in 1995 and ending in 1999, inclusive, the Administrator shall allocate for each unit on Table A that is located in the States of Illinois, Indiana, or Ohio (other than units at Kyger Creek, Clifty Creek and Joppa Steam), allowances in an amount equal to 200,000 multiplied by the unit's pro rata share of the total number of allowances allocated for all units on Table A in the 3 States (other than units at Kyger Creek, Clifty Creek, and Joppa Steam) pursuant to paragraph (1). Such allowances shall be excluded from the calculation of the reserve under paragraph (2).

(b) Substitutions.--The owner or operator of an affected unit under subsection (a) may include in its section 404 permit application and proposed compliance plan a proposal to reassign, in whole or in part, the affected unit's sulfur dioxide reduction requirements to any other unit(s) under the control of such owner or operator. Such proposal shall specify--

(1) the designation of the substitute unit or units to which any part of the reduction obligations of subsection (a) shall be required, in addition to, or in lieu of, any original affected units designated under such subsection;

(2) the original affected unit's baseline, the actual and allowable 1985 emissions rate for sulfur dioxide, and the authorized annual allowance allocation stated in table A;

(3) calculation of the annual average tonnage for calendar years 1985, 1986, and 1987, emitted by the substitute unit or units, based on the baseline for each unit, as defined in section 411(4), multiplied by the lesser of the unit's actual or allowable 1985 emissions rate;

(4) the emissions rates and tonnage limitations that would be applicable to the original and substitute affected units under the substitution proposal;

(5) documentation, to the satisfaction of the Administrator, that the reassigned tonnage limits will, in total, achieve the same or greater emissions reduction than would have been achieved by the original affected unit and the substitute unit or units without such substitution; and

(6) such other information as the Administrator may require.

(c) Administrator's Action on Substitution Proposals.--

(1) The Administrator shall take final action on such substitution proposal in accordance with section 404(c) if the substitution proposal fulfills the requirements of this subsection. The Administrator may approve a substitution proposal in whole or in part and with such modifications or conditions as maybe consistent with the orderly functioning of the allowance system and which will ensure the emissions reductions contemplated by this title. If a proposal does not meet the requirements of subsection (b), the Administrator shall disapprove it. The owner or operator of a unit listed in table A shall not substitute another unit or units without the prior approval of the Administrator.

(2) Upon approval of a substitution proposal, each substitute unit, and each source with such unit, shall be deemed affected under this title, and the Administrator shall issue a permit to the original and substitute affected source and unit in accordance with the approved substitution plan and section 404. The Administrator shall allocate allowances for the original and substitute affected units in accordance with the approved substitution proposal pursuant to section 412. It shall be unlawful for any source or unit that is allocated allowances pursuant to this section to emit sulfur dioxide in excess of the emissions limitation provided for in the approved substitution permit and plan unless the owner or operator of each unit governed by the permit and approved substitution plan holds allowances to emit not less than the unit's total annual emissions. The owner or operator of any original or substitute affected unit operated in violation of this subsection shall be fully liable for such violation, including liability for fulfilling the obligations specified in section 406. If a substitution proposal is disapproved, the Administrator shall allocate allowances to the original affected unit or units in accordance with subsection (a).

(d) Eligible Phase I Extension Units.--

(1) The owner or operator of any affected unit subject to an emissions limitation requirement under this section may petition the Administrator in its permit application under section 404 for an extension of 2 years of the deadline for meeting such requirement, provided that the owner or operator of any such unit holds allowances to emit not less than the unit's total annual emissions for each of the 2 years of the period of extension. To qualify for such an extension, the affected unit must either employ a qualifying phase I technology, or transfer its phase I emissions reduction obligation to a unit employing a qualifying phase I technology. Such transfer shall be accomplished in accordance with a compliance plan, submitted and approved under section 404, that shall govern operations at all units included in the transfer, and that specifies the emissions reduction requirements imposed pursuant to this title.

(2) Such extension proposal shall--

(A) specify the unit or units proposed for designation as an eligible phase I extension unit;

(B) provide a copy of an executed contract, which may be contingent upon the Administrator approving the proposal, for the design engineering, and construction of the qualifying phase I technology for the extension unit, or for the unit or units to which the extension unit's emission reduction obligation is to be transferred;

(C) specify the unit's or units' baselines, actual 1985 emissions rates, allowable 1985 emissions rates, and projected utilizations for calendar years 1995 through 1999;

(D) require CEMS on both the eligible phase I extension unit or units and the transfer unit or units beginning no later than January 1, 1995; and

(E) specify the emission limitation and number of allowances expected to be necessary for annual operation after the qualifying phase I technology has been installed.

(3) The Administrator shall review and take final action on each extension proposal in Page order of receipt, consistent with section 404, and for an approved proposal shall designate the unit or units as an eligible phase I extension unit. The Administrator may approve an extension proposal in whole or in part, and with such modifications or conditions as may be necessary, consistent with the orderly functioning of the allowance system, and to ensure the emissions reductions contemplated by the subpart.

(4) In order to determine the number of proposals eligible for allocations from the reserve under subsection (a)(2) and the number of the allowances remaining available after each proposal is acted upon, the Administrator shall reduce the total number of allowances remaining available in the reserve by the number of allowances calculated according to subparagraph (A), (B) and (C) until either no allowances remain available in the reserve for further allocation or all approved proposals have been acted upon. If no allowances remain available in the reserve for further allocation before all proposals have been acted upon by the Administrator, any pending proposals shall be disapproved. The Administrator shall calculate allowances equal to--

(A) the difference between the lesser of the average annual emissions in calendar years 1988 and 1989 or the projected emissions tonnage for calendar year 1995 of each eligible phase I extension unit, as designated under paragraph (3), and the product of the unit's baseline multiplied by an emission rate of 2.50 lbs/mmBtu, divided by 2,000;

(B) the difference between the lesser of the average annual emissions in calendar years 1988 and 1989 or the projected emissions tonnage for calendar year 1996 of each eligible phase I extension unit, as designated under paragraph (3), and the product of the unit's baseline multiplied by an emission rate of 2.501bs/mmBtu, divided by 2,000; and

(C) the amount by which (i) the product of each unit's baseline multiplied by an emission rate of 1.20 lbs/mmBtu, divided by 2,000, exceeds (ii) the tonnage level specified under subparagraph (E) of paragraph (2) of this subsection multiplied by a factor of 3.

(5) Each eligible Phase I extension unit shall receive allowances determined under subsection (a)(1) or (c) of this section. In addition, for calendar year 1995, the Administrator shall allocate to each eligible Phase I extension unit, from the allowance reserve created pursuant to subsection (a)(2), allowances equal to the difference between the lesser of the average annual emissions in calendar years 1988 and 1989 or its projected emission tonnage for calendar year 1995 and the product of the unit's baseline multiplied by an emission rate of 2.50 lbs/mmBtu, divided by 2,000. In calendar year 1996, the Administrator shall allocate for each eligible unit, from the allowance reserve created pursuant to subsection (a)(2), allowances equal to the difference between the lesser of the average annual emissions in calendar years 1988 and 1989 or its projected emissions tonnage for calendar year 1996 and the product of the unit's baseline multiplied by an emission rate of 2.50 lbs/mmBtu, divided by 2,000. It shall be unlawful for any source or unit subject to an approved extension plan under this subsection to emit sulfur dioxide in excess of the emissions limitations provided for in the permit and approved extension plan, unless the owner or operator of each unit governed by the permit and approved plan holds allowances to emit not less than the unit's total annual emissions.

(6) In addition to allowances specified in paragraph (4), the Administrator shall allocate for each eligible Phase I extension unit employing qualifying Phase I technology, for calendar years 1997, 1998, and 1999, additional allowances, from any remaining allowances in the reserve created pursuant to subsection (a)(2), following the reduction in the reserve provided for in paragraph (4), not to exceed the amount by which (A) the product of each eligible unit's baseline times an emission rate of 1.20 lbs/mmBtu, divided by 2,000 exceeds

(B) the tonnage level specified under subparagraph (E) of paragraph (2) of this subsection.

(7) After January 1, 1997, in addition to any liability under this Act, including under section 406, if any eligible phase I extension unit employing qualifying phase I technology or any transfer unit under this subsection emits sulfur dioxide in excess of the annual tonnage limitation specified in the extension plan, as approved in paragraph (2) of this subsection, the Administrator shall, in the calendar year following such excess, deduct allowances equal to the amount of such excess from such unit's annual allowance allocation.

(e) Early Reductions.--

(1) In the case of a unit that receives authorization from the Governor of the State in which such unit is located to make reductions in the emissions of sulfur dioxide prior to calendar year 1995 and that is part of a utility system that meets the following requirements--

(A) the total coal-fired generation within the utility system as a percentage of total system generation decreased by more than 20 percent between January 1, 1980, and December 31, 1985; and

(B) the weighted capacity factor of all coal-fired units within the utility system averaged over the period from January 1, 1985, through December 31, 1987, was below 50 percent, the Administrator shall allocate allowances under this paragraph for the unit pursuant to this subsection. The Administrator shall allocate allowances for a unit that is an affected unit pursuant to section 414 (but is not also an affected unit under this section) and part of a utility system that includes 1 or more affected units under section 414 for reductions in the emissions of sulfur dioxide made during the period 1995-1999 if the unit meets the requirements of this subsection and the requirements of the preceding sentence, except that for the purposes of applying this subsection to any such unit, the prior year concerned as specified below, shall be any year after January 1, 1995 but prior to January 1, 2000.

(2) In the case of an affected unit under this section described in subparagraph (A), the allowances allocated under this subsection for early reductions in any prior year may not exceed the amount which (A) the product of the unit's baseline multiplied by the unit's 1985 actual sulfur dioxide emission rate (in lbs. per mmBtu), divided by 2,000 exceeds

(B) the allowances specified for such unit in Table A. In the case of an affected unit under section 414, the allowances awarded under this subsection for early reductions in any prior year may not exceed the amount by which

(A) the product of

(i) the quantity of fossil fuel consumed by the unit (in mmBtu) in the prior year multiplied by--

(ii) the lesser of

(I) 2.50 or

(II) the most stringent emission rate (in lbs. per mmBtu) applicable to the unit under the applicable implementation plan, divided by 2,000 exceeds

(B) the unit's actual tonnage of sulfur dioxide emission for the prior year concerned.

Allowances allocated under this subsection for units may be allocated only for emission reductions achieved as a result of physical changes or changes in the method of operation made after November 15, 1990, including changes in the type or quantity of fossil fuel consumed.

(3) In no event shall the provisions of this paragraph be interpreted as an event of force majeure or a commercial impracticability or in any other way as a basis for excused nonperformance by a utility system under a coal sales contract in effect before November 15, 1990.

TABLE A--AFFECTED SOURCES AND UNITS IN PHASE I AND THEIR SULFUR DIOXIDE ALLOWANCES (TONS)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Phase I

State Plant name Generator allowances

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Alabama........................................ Colbert................................ 1 13,570

2 15,310

3 15,400

4 15,410

5 37,180

E.C. Gaston............................ 1 18,100

2 18,540

3 18,310

4 19,280

5 59,840

Florida........................................ Big Bend............................... 1 28,410

2 27,100

3 26,740

Crist.................................. 6 19,200

7 31,680

Georgia........................................ Bowen.................................. 1 56,320

2 54,770

3 71,750

4 71,740

Hammond................................ 1 8,780

2 9,220

3 8,910

4 37,640

J. McDonough........................... 1 19,910

2 20,600

Wansley................................ 1 70,770

2 65,430

Yates.................................. 1 7,210

2 7,040

3 6,950

4 8,910

5 9,410

6 24,760

7 21,480

Illinois....................................... Baldwin................................ 1 42,010

2 44,420

3 42,550

Coffeen................................ 1 11,790

2 35,670

Grand Tower............................ 4 5,910

Hennepin............................... 2 18,410

Joppa Steam............................ 1 12,590

2 10,770

3 12,270

4 11,360

5 11,420

6 10,620

Kincaid................................ 1 31,530

2 33,810

Meredosia.............................. 3 13,890

Vermilion.............................. 2 8,880

Indiana........................................ Bailly................................. 7 11,180

8 15,630

Breed.................................. 1 18,500

Cayuga................................. 1 33,370

2 34,130

Clifty Creek........................... 1 20,150

2 19,810

3 20,410

4 20,080

5 19,360

6 20,380

E.W. Stout............................. 5 3,880

6 4,770

7 23,610

F.B. Culley............................ 2 4,290

3 16,970

F.E. Ratts............................. 1 8,330

2 8,480

Gibson................................. 1 40,400

2 41,010

3 41,080

4 40,320

H.T. Pritchard......................... 6 5,770

Michigan City.......................... 12 23,310

Petersburg............................. 1 16,430

2 32,380

R. Gallagher........................... 1 6,490

2 7,280

3 6,530

4 7,650

Tanners Creek.......................... 4 24,820

Wabash River........................... 1 4,000

2 2,860

3 3,750

5 3,670

6 12,280

Warrick................................ 4 26,980

Iowa........................................... Burlington............................. 1 10,710

Des Moines............................. 7 2,320

George Neal............................ 1 1,290

M.L. Kapp.............................. 2 13,800

Prairie Creek.......................... 4 8,180

Riverside.............................. 5 3,990

Kansas......................................... Quindaro............................... 2 4,220

Kentucky....................................... Coleman................................ 1 11,250

2 12,840

3 12,340

Cooper................................. 1 7,450

2 15,320

E.W. Brown............................. 1 7,110

2 10,910

3 26,100

Elmer Smith............................ 1 6,520

2 14,410

Ghent.................................. 1 28,410

Green River............................ 4 7,820

H.L. Spurlock.......................... 1 22,780

Henderson II........................... 1 13,340

2 12,310

Paradise............................... 3 59,170

Shawnee................................ 10 10,170

Maryland....................................... Chalk Point............................ 1 21,910

2 24,330

C.P. Crane............................. 1 10,330

2 9,230

Morgantown............................. 1 35,260

2 38,480

Michigan....................................... J.H. Campbell.......................... 1 19,280

2 23,060

Minnesota...................................... High Bridge............................ 6 4,270

Mississippi.................................... Jack Watson............................ 4 17,910

5 36,700

Missouri....................................... Asbury................................. 1 16,190

James River............................ 5 4,850

Labadie................................ 1 40,110

2 37,710

3 40,310

4 35,940

Montrose............................... 1 7,390

2 8,200

3 10,090

New Madrid............................. 1 28,240

2 32,480

Sibley................................. 3 15,580

Sioux.................................. 1 22,570

2 23,690

Thomas Hill............................ 1 10,250

2 19,390

New Hampshire.................................. Merrimack.............................. 1 10,190

2 22,000

New Jersey..................................... B.L. England........................... 1 9,060

2 11,720

New York....................................... Dunkirk................................ 3 12,600

4 14,060

Greenidge.............................. 4 7,540

Milliken............................... 1 11,170

2 12,410

Northport.............................. 1 19,810

2 24,110

3 26,480

Port Jefferson......................... 3 10,470

4 12,330

Ohio........................................... Ashtabula.............................. 5 16,740

Avon Lake.............................. 8 11,650

9 30,480

Cardinal............................... 1 34,270

2 38,320

Conesville............................. 1 4,210

2 4,890

3 5,500

4 48,770

Eastlake............................... 1 7,800

2 8,640

3 10,020

4 14,510

5 34,070

Edgewater.............................. 4 5.050

Gen. J.M. Gavin........................ 1 79,080

2 80,560

Kyger Creek............................ 1 19,280

2 18,560

3 17,910

4 18,710

5 18,740

Miami Fort............................. 5 760

6 11,380

7 38,510

Muskingum River........................ 1 14,880

2 14,170

3 13,950

4 11,780

5 40,470

Niles.................................. 1 6,940

2 9,100

Picway................................. 5 4,930

R.E. Burger............................ 3 6,150

4 10,780

5 12,430

W.H. Sammis............................ 5 24,170

6 39,930

7 43,220

W.C. Beckjord.......................... 5 8,950

6 23,020

Pennsylvania................................... Armstrong.............................. 1 14,410

2 15,430

Brunner Island......................... 1 27,760

2 31,100

3 53,820

Cheswick............................... 1 39,170

Conemaugh.............................. 1 59,790

2 66,450

Hatfield's Ferry....................... 1 37,830

2 37,320

3 40,270

Martins Creek.......................... 1 12,660

2 12,820

Portland............................... 1 5,940

2 10,230

Shawville.............................. 1 10,320

2 10,320

3 14,220

4 14,070

Sunbury................................ 3 8,760

4 11,450

Tennessee...................................... Allen.................................. 1 15,320

2 16,770

3 15,670

Cumberland............................. 1 86,700

2 94,840

Gallatin............................... 1 17,870

2 17,310

3 20,020

4 21,260

Johnsonville........................... 1 7,790

2 8,040

3 8,410

4 7,990

5 8,240

6 7,890

7 8,980

8 8,700

9 7,080

10 7,550

West Virginia.................................. Albright............................... 3 12,000

Fort Martin............................ 1 41,590

2 41,200

Harrison............................... 1 48,620

2 46,150

3 41,500

Kammer................................. 1 18,740

2 19,460

3 17,390

Mitchell............................... 1 43,980

2 45,510

Mount Storm............................ 1 43,720

2 35,580

3 42,430

Wisconsin...................................... Edgewater.............................. 4 24,750

La Crosse/Genoa........................ 3 22,700

Nelson Dewey........................... 1 6,010

2 6,680

N. Oak Creek........................... 1 5,220

2 5,140

3 5,370

4 6,320

Pulliam................................ 8 7,510

S. Oak Creek........................... 5 9,670

6 12,040

7 16,180

8 15,790

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(f) Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy.--

(1) Definitions.--As used in this subsection:

(A) Qualified energy conservation measure.--The term

``qualified energy conservation measure'' means a cost effective measure, as identified by the Administrator in consultation with the Secretary of Energy, that increases the efficiency of the use of electricity provided by an electric utility to its customers.

(B) Qualified renewable energy.--The term ``qualified renewable energy'' means energy derived from biomass, solar, geothermal, or wind as identified by the Administrator in consultation with the Secretary of Energy.

(C) Electric utility.--The term ``electric utility'' means any person, State agency, or Federal agency, which sells electric energy.

(2) Allowances for Emissions Avoided Through Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy.--

(A) In general.--The regulations under paragraph (4) of this subsection shall provide that for each ton of sulfur dioxide emissions avoided by an electric utility, during the applicable period, through the use of qualified energy conservation measures or qualified renewable energy, the Administrator shall allocate a single allowance to such electric utility, on a first-come-first-served basis from the Conservation and Renewable Energy Reserve established under subsection (g), up to a total of 300,000 allowances for allocation from such Reserve.

(B) Requirements for Issuance.--The Administrator shall allocate allowances to an electric utility under this subsection only if all of the following requirements are met:

(i) Such electric utility is paying for or participating in the qualified energy conservation measures or qualified renewable energy.

(ii) The emissions of sulfur dioxide avoided through the use of qualified energy conservation measures or qualified renewable energy are quantified in accordance with regulations promulgated by the Administrator under this subsection.

(iii)(I) Such electric utility has adopted and is implementing a least cost energy conservation and electric power plan which evaluates a range of resources, including new power supplies, energy conservation, and renewable energy resources, in order to meet expected future demand at the lowest system cost.

(II) The qualified energy conservation measures or qualified renewable energy, or both, are consistent with that plan.

(III) In the case of electric utilities subject to the jurisdiction of a State regulatory authority such plan shall have been approved by such authority. For electric utilities not subject to the jurisdiction of a State regulatory authority such plan shall have been approved by the Administrator.

(iv) In the case of qualified energy conservation measures undertaken by a State regulated electric utility, the Secretary of Energy has certified that the State regulatory authority with jurisdiction over the electric rates of such electric utility has established rates and charges which ensure that the net income of such electric utility after implementation of specific cost effective energy conservation measures is at least as high as such net income would have been if the energy conservation measures had not been implemented. Upon the date of any such certification by the Secretary of Energy, all allowances which, but for this paragraph, would have been allocated under subparagraph (B) before such date, shall be allocated to the electric utility. This clause is not a requirement for qualified renewable energy.

(v) Such utility or any subsidiary of the utility's holding company owns or operates at least one affected unit.

(C) Period of applicability.--Allowances under this subsection shall be allocated only with respect to kilowatt hours of electric energy saved by qualified energy conservation measures or generated by qualified renewable energy after January 1, 1992, and before the earlier of (i) December 31, 2000, or (ii) the date on which any electric utility steam generating unit owned or operated by the electric utility to which the allowances are allocated becomes subject to this subpart (including those sources that elect to become affected by this title, pursuant to section 417).

(D) Determination of avoided emissions.--

(i) Application.--In order to receive allowances under this subsection, an electric utility shall make an application which--

(I) designates the qualified energy conservation measures implemented and the qualified renewable energy sources used for purposes of avoiding emissions;

(II) calculates, in accordance with subparagraphs (F) and

(G), the number of tons of emissions avoided by reason of the implementation of such measures or the use of such renewable energy sources; and

(III) demonstrates that the requirements of subparagraph

(B) have been met.

(ii) Approval.--Such application for allowances by a State regulated electric utility shall require approval by the State regulatory authority with jurisdiction over such electric utility. The authority shall review the application for accuracy and compliance with this subsection and the rules under this subsection. Electric utilities whose retail rates are not subject to the jurisdiction of a State regulatory authority shall apply directly to the Administrator for such approval.

(E) Avoided Emissions from Qualified Energy Conservation Measures.--For the purposes of this subsection, the emission tonnage deemed avoided by reason of the implementation of qualified energy conservation measures for any calendar year shall be a tonnage equal to the product of multiplying--

(i) the kilowatt hours that would otherwise have been supplied by the utility during such year in the absence of such qualified energy conservation measures, by

(ii) 0.004, and dividing the product so derived by 2,000.

(F) Avoided emissions from the use of qualified renewable energy.--The emissions tonnage deemed avoided by reason of the use of qualified renewable energy by an electric utility for any calendar year shall be a tonnage equal to the product of multiplying--

(i) the actual kilowatt hours generated by, or purchased from, qualified renewable energy, by

(ii) 0.004, and dividing the product so derived by 2,000.

(G) Prohibitions.--

(i) No allowances shall be allocated under this subsection for the implementation of programs that are exclusively informational or educational in nature.

(ii) No allowances shall be allocated for energy conservation measures or renewable energy that were operational before January 1, 1992.

(3) Savings Provision.--Nothing in this subsection precludes a State or State regulatory authority from providing additional incentives to utilities to encourage investment in demand-side resources.

(4) Regulations.--The Administrator shall implement this subsection under 40 C.F.R. Part 73 (2002), amended as appropriate by the Administrator. Such regulations shall list energy conservation measures and renewable energy sources which may be treated as qualified energy conservation measures and qualified renewable energy for purposes of this subsection. Allowances shall only be allocated if all requirements of this subsection and the rules promulgated to implement this subsection are complied with. The Administrator shall review the determinations of each State regulatory authority under this subsection to encourage consistency from electric utility and from State-to-State in accordance with the Administrator's rules. The Administrator shall publish and make available to the public the findings of this review no less than annually.

(g) Conservation and Renewable Energy Reserve.--The Administrator shall establish a Conservation and Renewable Energy Reserve under this subsection. Beginning on January 1, 1995, the Administrator may allocate from the Conservation and Renewable Energy Reserve an amount equal to a total of 300,000 allowances for emissions of sulfur dioxide pursuant to section 411. In order to provide 300,000 allowances for such reserve, in each year beginning in calendar year 2000 and until calendar year 2009, inclusive, the Administrator shall reduce each unit's basic Phase II allowance allocation on the basis of its pro rata share of 30,000 allowances. Notwithstanding the prior sentence, if allowances remain in the reserve on January 1, 2010, the Administrator shall allocate such allowances for affected units under section 414 on a pro rata basis. For purposes of this subsection, for any unit subject to the emissions limitation requirements of section 414, the term ``pro rata basis'' refers to the ratio which the reductions made in such unit's allowances in order to establish the reserve under this subsection bears to the total of such reductions for all such units.

(h) Alternative Allowance Allocation for Units in Certain Utility Systems With Optional Baseline.--

(1) Optional Baseline for Units in Certain Systems.--In the case of a unit subject to the emissions limitation requirements of this section which (as of November 15, 1990)--

(A) has an emission rate below 1.0 lbs/mmBtu,

(B) has decreased its sulfur dioxide emissions rate by 60 percent or greater since 1980, and

(C) is part of a utility system which has a weighted average sulfur dioxide emissions rate for all fossil fueled-fired units below 1.0 lbs/mmBtu, at the election to the owner or operator of such unit, the unit's baseline may be calculated

(i) as provided under section 411, or

(ii) by utilizing the unit's average annual fuel consumption at a 60 percent capacity factor. Such election shall be made no later than March 1, 1991.

(2) Allowance Allocation.--Whenever a unit referred to in paragraph (1) elects to calculate its baseline as provided in clause (ii) of paragraph (1), the Administrator shall allocate allowances for the unit pursuant to section 412(a), this section, and section 414 (as Basic Phase II allowance allocations) in an amount equal to the baseline selected multiplied by the lower of the average annual emission rate for such unit in 1989, or 1.0 lbs./mmBtu. Such allowance allocation shall be in lieu of any allocation of allowances under this section and section 414.

SEC. 414. PHASE II. SULFUR DIOXIDE REQUIREMENTS.

(a) Applicability.--

(1) After January l, 2000, each existing utility unit as provided below is subject to the limitations or requirements of this section. Each utility unit subject to an annual sulfur dioxide tonnage emission limitation under this section is an affected unit under this subpart. Each source that includes one or more affected units is an affected source. In the case of an existing unit that was not in operation during calendar year 1985, the emission rate for a calendar year after 1985, as determined by the Administrator, shall be used in lieu of the 1985 rate.

(2) In addition to basic Phase II allowance allocations, in each year beginning in calendar year 2000 and ending in calendar year 2009, inclusive, the Administrator shall allocate up to 530,000 Phase II bonus allowances pursuant to subsections (b)(2),(c)(4), (d)(3)(A) and (B), and (h)(2) of this section and section 415.

(3) In addition to basic Phase II allowances allocations and Phase II bonus allowance allocations, beginning January 1, 2000, the Administrator shall allocate for each unit listed on Table A in section 413 (other than units at Kyger Creek, Clifty Creek, and Joppa Stream) and located in the States of Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Georgia, Alabama, Missouri, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Kentucky, or Tennessee allowances in an amount equal to 50,000 multiplied by the unit's pro rata share of the total number of basic allowances allocated for all units listed on Table A (other than units at Kyger Creek, Clifty Creek, and Joppa Stream). Allowances allocated pursuant to this paragraph shall not be subject to the 8,900,000 ton limitation in section 412(a).

(b) Units Equal to, or Above, 75 MWe and 1.20 lbs/mmBtu.--

(1) Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (3), after January 1, 2000, it shall be unlawful for any existing utility unit that serves a generator with nameplate capacity equal to, or greater, than 75 MWe and an actual 1985 emission rate equal to or greater than 1.201bs/mmBtu to exceed an annual sulfur dioxide tonnage emission limitation equal to the product of the unit's baseline multiplied by an emission rate equal to 1.20 lbs/mmBtu, divided by 2,000, unless the owner or operator of such unit holds allowances to emit not less than the unit's total annual emissions or, for a year after 2007, unless the owner or operator of the source that includes such unit holds allowances to emit not less than the total annual emissions of all affected units at the source.

(2) In addition to allowances allocated pursuant to paragraph (1) and section 412(a) as basic Phase II allowance allocations, beginning January 1, 2000, and for each calendar year thereafter until and including 2009, the Administrator shall allocate annually for each unit subject to the emissions limitation requirements of paragraph (1) with an actual 1985 emissions rate greater than 1.20 lbs/mmBtu and less than 2.50 lbs/mmBtu and a baseline capacity factor of less than 60 percent, allowances from the reserve created pursuant to subsection (a)(2) in an amount equal to 1.20 lbs/mmBtu multiplied by 50 percent of the difference, on a Btu basis, between the unit's baseline and the unit's fuel consumption at a 60 percent capacity factor.

(3) After January 1, 2000, it shall be unlawful for any existing utility unit with an actual 1985 emissions rate equal to or greater than 1.20 lbs/mmBtu whose annual average fuel consumption during 1985, 1986, and 1987 on a Btu basis exceeded 90 percent in the form of lignite coal which is located in a State in which, as of July 1, 1989, no county or portion of a county was designated nonattainment under section 107 of this Act for any pollutant subject to the requirements of section 109 of this Act to exceed an annual sulfur dioxide tonnage limitation equal to the product of the unit's baseline multiplied by the lesser of the unit's actual 1985 emissions rate or its allowable 1985 emissions rate, divided by 2,000, unless the owner or operator of such unit holds allowances to emit not less than the unit's total annual emissions or, for a year after 2007, unless the owner or operator of the source that includes such unit holds allowances to emit not less than the total annual emissions of all affected units at the source.

(4) After January 1, 2000, the Administrator shall allocate annually for each unit, subject to the emissions limitation requirements of paragraph (1), which is located in a State with an installed electrical generating capacity of more than 30,000,000 kw in 1988 and for which was issued a prohibition order or a proposed prohibition order (from burning oil), which unit subsequently converted to coal between January 1, 1980 and December 31, 1985, allowances equal to the difference between (A) the product of the unit's annual fuel consumption, on a Btu basis, at a 65 percent capacity factor multiplied by the lesser of its actual or allowable emissions rate during the first full calendar year after conversion, divided by 2,000, and (B) the number of Page-69- allowances allocated for the unit pursuant to paragraph (1): Provided, That the number of allowances allocated pursuant to this paragraph shall not exceed an annual total of five thousand. If necessary to meeting the restriction imposed in the preceding sentence the Administrator shall reduce, pro rata, the annual allowances allocated for each unit under this paragraph.

(c) Coal or Oil-Fired Units Below 75 MWE and Above 1.20 lbs/MMBTU.--

(1) Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (3), after January 1, 2000, it shall be unlawful for a coal or oil-fired existing utility unit that serves a generator with nameplate capacity of less than 75 MWe and an actual 1985 emission rate equal to, or greater than, 1.20 lbs/mmBtu and which is a unit owned by a utility operating company whose aggregate nameplate fossil fuel steam-electric capacity is, as of December 31, 1989, equal to, or greater than, 250 MWe to exceed an annual sulfur dioxide emissions limitation equal to the product of the unit's baseline multiplied by an emission rate equal to 1.20 lbs/mmBtu, divided by 2,000 unless the owner or operator of such unit holds allowances to emit not less than the unit's total annual emissions for a year after 2007, or the owner or operator of the source that includes such unit holds allowances to emit not less than the total annual emissions of all affected units at the source.

(2) After January 1, 2000, it shall be unlawful for a coal or oil-fired existing utility unit that serves a generator with nameplate capacity of less than 75 MWe and an actual 1985 emission rate equal to, or greater than, 1.20 lbs/mmBtu

(excluding units subject to section 111 of the Act or to a federally enforceable emissions limitation for sulfur dioxide equivalent to an annual rate of less than 1.20 lbs/mmBtu) and which is a unit owned by a utility operating company whose aggregate nameplate fossil fuel steam-electric capacity is, as of December 31, 1989, less than 250 MWe, to exceed an annual sulfur dioxide tonnage emissions limitation equal to the product of the unit's baseline multiplied by the lesser of its actual 1985 emissions rate or its allowable 1985 emissions rate, divided by 2,000, unless the owner or operator of such unit holds allowances to emit not less than the unit's total annual emissions, for a year after 2007, or the owner or operator of the source that includes such unit holds allowances to emit not less than the total annual emissions of all affected units at the source.

(3) After January 1, 2000 it shall be unlawful for any existing utility unit with a nameplate capacity below 75 MWe and an actual 1985 emissions rate equal to, or greater than, 1.20 lbs/mmBtu which became operational on or before December 31, 1965, which is owned by a utility operating company with, as of December 31, 1989, a total fossil fuel steam-electric generating capacity greater than 250 MWe, and less than 450 MWe which serves fewer than 78,000 electrical customers as of November 15, 1990, to exceed an annual sulfur dioxide emissions tonnage limitation equal to the product of its baseline multiplied by the lesser of its actual or allowable 1985 emission rate, divided by 2,000, unless the owner or operator holds allowances to emit not less than the units total annual emissions or, for a year after 2007, unless the owner or operator of the source that includes such unit holds allowances to emit not less than the total annual emissions of all affected units at the source. After January 1, 2010, it shall be unlawful for each unit subject to the emissions limitation requirements of this paragraph to exceed an annual emissions tonnage limitation equal to the product of its baseline multiplied by an emissions rate of 1.20 lbs/mmBtu, divided by 2,000, unless the owner or operator holds allowances to emit not less than the unit's total annual emissions for a year after 2007, or the owner or operator of the source that includes such unit holds allowances to emit not less than the total annual emissions of all affected units at the source.

(4) In addition to allowances allocated pursuant to paragraph (1) and section 412(a) as basic Phase II allowance allocations, beginning January 1, 2000, and for each calendar year thereafter until and including 2009, inclusive, the Administrator shall allocate annually for each unit subject to the emissions limitation requirements of paragraph (1) with an actual 1985 emissions rate equal to, or greater than, 1.20 lbs/mmBtu and less than 2.50 lbs/mmBtu and a baseline capacity factor of less than 60 percent, allowances from the reserve created pursuant to subsection (a)(2) in an amount equal to 1.20 lbs/mmBtu multiplied by 50 percent of the difference, on a Btu basis, between the unit's baseline and the unit's fuel consumption at a 60 percent capacity factor.

(5) After January 1, 2000, it shall be unlawful for any existing unit with a nameplate capacity below 75 MWe and an actual 1985 emissions rate equal to, or greater than, 1.20 lbs/mmBtu which is part of an electric utility system which, as of November 15, 1990--

(A) has at least 20 percent of its fossil-fuel capacity controlled by flue gas desulfurization devices,

(B) has more than 10 percent of its fossil-fuel capacity consisting of coal-fired unites of less than 75 MWe, and

(C) has large units (greater than 400 MWe) all of which have difficult or very difficult FGD Retrofit Cost Factors

(according to the Emissions and the FGD Retrofit Feasibility at the 200 Top Emitting Generating Stations, prepared for the United States Environmental Protection Agency on January 10, 1986) to exceed an annual sulfur dioxide emissions tonnage limitation equal to the product of its baseline multiplied by an emissions rate of 2.5 lbs/mmBtu, divided by 2,000, unless the owner or operator holds allowances to emit not less than the unit's total annual emissions, for a year after 2007, or the owner or operator of the source that includes such unit holds allowances to emit not less than the total annual emissions of all affected units at the source. After January 1, 2010, it shall be unlawful for each unit subject to the emissions limitation requirements of this paragraph to exceed an annual emissions tonnage limitation equal to the project of its baseline multiplied by an emissions rate of 1.20 lbs/mmBtu, divided by 2,000, unless the owner or operator holds for use allowances to emit not less than the unit's total annual emissions for a year after 2007, or the owner or operator of the source that includes such unit holds allowances to emit not less than the total annual emissions of all affected units at the source.

(d) Coal-Fired Units Below 1.20 lbs/mmBtu.--

(1) After January 1, 2000, it shall be unlawful for any existing coal-fired utility unit the lesser of whose actual or allowable 1985 sulfur dioxide emissions rate is less than 0.60 lbs/mmBtu to exceed an annual sulfur dioxide tonnage emission limitation equal to the product of the unit's baseline multiplied by--

(A) the lesser of 0.60 lbs/mmBtu or the unit's allowable 1985 emissions rate, and

(B) a numerical factor of 120 percent, divided by 2,000, unless the owner or operator of such unit holds allowances to emit not less than the unit's total annual emissions for a year after 2007, or the owner or operator of the source that includes such unit holds allowances to emit not less than the total annual emissions of all affected units at the source.

(2) After January 1, 2000, it shall be unlawful for any existing coal-fired utility unit the lesser of whose actual or allowable 1985 sulfur dioxide emissions rate is equal to, or greater than, 0.60 lbs/mmBtu and less than 1.20 lbs/mmBtu to exceed an annual sulfur dioxide tonnage emissions limitation equal to the product of the unit's baseline multiplied by (A) the lesser of its actual 1985 emissions rate or its allowable 1985 emissions rate, and (B) a numerical factor of 120 percent, divided by 2,000, unless the owner or operator of such unit holds allowances to emit not less than the unit's total annual emissions for a year after 2007, or the owner or operator of the source that includes such unit holds allowances to emit not less than the total annual emissions of all affected units at the source.

(3)(A) In addition to allowances allocated pursuant to paragraph (1) and section 412(a) as basic Phase II allowance allocations, at the election of the designated representative of the operating company, beginning January 1, 2000, and for each calendar year thereafter until and including 2009, the Administrator shall allocate annually for each unit subject to the emissions limitation requirements of paragraph (1) allowances from the reserve created pursuant to subsection (a)(2) in an amount equal to the amount by which--

(i) the product of the lesser of 0.60 lbs.mmBtu or the unit's allowable 1985 emissions rate multiplied by the unit's baseline adjusted to reflect operation at a 60 percent capacity factor, divided by 2,000, exceeds

(ii) the number of allowances allocated for the unit pursuant to paragraph (1) and section 403(a)(1) as basic Phase II allowance allocations.

(B) In addition to allowances allocated pursuant to paragraph (2) and section 412(a) as basic Phase II allowance allocations, at the election of the designated representative of the operating company, beginning January 1, 2000, and for each calendar year thereafter until and including 2009, the Administrator shall allocate annually for each unit subject to the emissions limitation requirements of paragraph (2) allowances from the reserve created pursuant to subsection

(a)(2) in an amount equal to the amount by which--

(i) the product of the lesser of the unit's actual 1985 emissions rate or its allowable 1985 emissions rate multiplied by the unit's baseline adjusted to reflect operation at a 60 percent capacity factor, divided by 2,000, exceeds

(ii) the number of allowances allocated for the unit pursuant to paragraph (2) and section 412(a) as basic Phase 11 allowance allocations.

(C) An operating company with units subject to the emissions limitation requirements of this subsection may elect the allocation of allowances as provided under subparagraphs (A) and (B). Such election shall apply to the annual allowance allocation for each and every unit in the operating company subject to the emissions limitation requirements of this subsection. The Administrator shall allocate allowances pursuant to subparagraphs (A) and (B) only in accordance with this subparagraph.

(4) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, at the election of the owner or operator, after January l, 2000, the Administrator shall allocate in lieu of allocation, pursuant to paragraph (1), (2), (3), (5), or (6), allowances for a unit subject to the emissions limitation requirements of this subsection which commenced commercial operation on or after January 1, 1981 and before December 31, 1985, which was subject to, and in compliance with, section 111 of the Act in an amount equal to the unit's annual fuel consumption, on a Btu basis, at a 65 percent capacity factor multiplied by the unit's allowable 1985 emissions rate, divided by 2,000.

(5) For the purposes of this section, in the case of an oil- and gas-fired unit which has been awarded a clean coal technology demonstration grant as of January 1, 1991, by the United States Department of Energy, beginning January 1, 2002, the Administrator shall allocate for the unit allowances in an amount equal to the unit's baseline multiplied by 1.201bs/mmBtu, divided by 2,000.

(e) Oil and Gas-Fired Units Equal to or Greater Than 0.60 lbs/mmBtu and Less Than 1.20 lbs/mmBtu.--After January 1, 2000, it shall be unlawful for any existing oil and gas-fired utility unit the lesser of whose actual or allowable 1985 sulfur dioxide emission rate is equal to, or greater than, 0.60 lbs/mmBtu, but less than 1.20 lbs/mmBtu to exceed an annual sulfur dioxide tonnage limitation equal to the product of the unit's baseline multiplied by (A) the lesser of the unit's allowable 1985 emissions rate or its actual 1985 emissions rate and (B) a numerical factor of 120 percent divided by 2,000, unless the owner or operator of such unit holds allowances to emit not less than the unit's total annual emissions for a year after 2007, or the owner or operator of the source that includes such unit holds allowances to emit not less than the total annual emissions of all affected units at the source.

(f) Oil and Gas-Fired Units Less Than 0.601bs/mmBtu.--

(1) After January 1, 2000, it shall be unlawful for any oil and gas-fired existing utility unit the lesser of whose actual or allowance 1985 emission rate is less than 0.60 lbs/mmBtu and whose average annual fuel consumption during the period 1980 through 1989 on a Btu basis was 90 percent or less in the form of natural gas to exceed an annual sulfur dioxide tonnage emissions limitation equal to the product of the unit's baseline multiplied by--

(A) the lesser of 0.60 lbs/mmBtu or the unit's allowance 1985 emissions, and

(B) a numerical factor of 120 percent, divided by 2,000, unless the owner or operator of such unit holds allowances to emit not less than the unit's total annual emissions, for a year after 2007, or the owner or operator of the source that includes such unit holds allowances to emit not less than the total annual emissions of all affected units at the source.

(2) In addition to allowances allocated pursuant to paragraph (1) as basic Phase II allowance allocations and section 412(a), beginning January l, 2000, the Administrator shall, in the case of any unit operated by a utility that furnishes electricity, electric energy, steam, and natural gas within an area consisting of a city and 1 contiguous county, and in the case of any unit owned by a State authority, the output of which unit is furnished within that same area consisting of a city and 1 contiguous county, the Administrator shall allocate for each unit in the utility its pro rata share of 7,000 allowances and for each unit in the State authority its pro rata share of 2,000 allowances.

(g) Units That Commence Commercial Operation Between 1986 and December 31, 1995.--

``(1) After January 1, 2000, it shall be unlawful for any utility unit that has commenced commercial operation on or after January 1, 1986, but not later than September 30, 1990 to exceed an annual tonnage emission limitation equal to the product of the unit's annual fuel consumption, on a Btu basis, at a 65 percent capacity factor multiplied by the unit's allowance 1985 sulfur dioxide emission rate

(converted, if necessary, to pounds per mmBtu), divided by 2,000 unless the owner or operator of such unit holds allowances to emit not less than the unit's total annual emissions for a year after 2007, or the owner or operator of the source that includes such unit holds allowances to emit not less than the total annual emissions of all affected units at the source.

(2) After January 1, 2000, the Administrator shall allocate allowances pursuant to section 411 to each unit which is listed in table B of this paragraph in an annual amount equal to the amount specified in table B.

TABLE B

Unit Allowances

Brandon Shores............................................. 8,907

Miller 4................................................... 9,197

TNP One 2.................................................. 4,000

Zimmer 1................................................... 18,458

Spruce 1................................................... 7,647

Clover 1................................................... 2,796

Clover 2................................................... 2,796

Twin Oak 2................................................. 1,760

Twin Oak 1................................................. 9,158

Cross 1.................................................... 6,401

Malakoff 1................................................. 1,759

Notwithstanding any other paragraph of this subsection, for units subject to this paragraph, the Administrator shall not allocate allowances pursuant to any other paragraph of this subsection, provided that the owner or operator of a unit listed on Table B may elect an allocation of allowances under another paragraph of this subsection in lieu of an allocation under this paragraph.

(3) Beginning January 1, 2000, the Administrator shall allocate to the owner or operator of any utility unit that commences commercial operation, or has commenced commercial operation, on or after October 1, 1990, but not later than December 31, 1992 allowances in an amount equal to the product of the unit's annual fuel consumption, on a Btu basis, at a 65 percent capacity factor multiplied by the lesser of 0.30 lbs/mmBtu or the unit's allowable sulfur dioxide emission rate (converted, if necessary, to pounds per mmBtu), divided by 2,000.

(4) Beginning January 1, 2000, the Administrator shall allocate to the owner or operator of any utility unit that has commenced construction before December 31, 1990 and that commences commercial operation between January 1, 1993 and December 31, 1995, allowances in an amount equal to the product of the unit's annual fuel consumption, on a Btu basis, at a 65 percent capacity factor multiplied by the lesser of 0.30 lbs/mmBtu or the unit's allowable sulfur dioxide emission rate (converted, if necessary, to pounds per mmBtu), divided by 2,000.

(5) After January 1, 2000, it shall be unlawful for any existing utility unit that has completed conversion from predominantly gas fired existing operation to coal fired operation between January 1, 1985 and December 31, 1987, for which there has been allocated a proposed or final prohibition order pursuant to section 301(b) of the Powerplant and Industrial Fuel Use Act of 1978 (42 U.S.C. 8301 et seq, repealed 1987) to exceed an annual sulfur dioxide tonnage emissions limitation equal to the product of the unit's annual fuel consumption, on a Btu basis, at a 65 percent capacity factor multiplied by the lesser of 1.20 lbs/mmBtu or the unit's allowable 1987 sulfur dioxide emissions rate, divided by 2,000, unless the owner or operator of such unit has obtained allowances equal to its actual emissions for a year after 2007, or the owner or operator of the source that includes such unit holds allowances to emit not less than the total annual emissions of all affected units at the source.

(6) Unless the Administrator has approved a designation of such facility under section 417, the provisions of this subpart shall not apply to a ``qualifying small power production facility'' or ``qualifying cogeneration facility''

(within the meaning of section 3(17)(C) or 3(18)(B) of the Federal Power Act) or to a 'new independent power production facility' if, as of November 15, 1990--

(A) an applicable power sales agreement has been executed;

(B) the facility is the subject of a State regulatory authority order requiring an electric utility to enter into a power sales agreement with, purchase capacity from, or (for purposes of establishing terms and conditions of the electric utility's purchase of power) enter into arbitration concerning, the facility;

(C) an electric utility has issued a letter of intent or similar instrument committing to purchase power from the facility at a previously offered or lower price and a power sales agreement is executed within a reasonable period of time; or

(D) the facility has been selected as a winning bidder in a utility competitive bid solicitation.

(h) Oil and Gas-Fired Units Less Than 10 Percent Oil Consumed.--

(1) After January 1, 2000, it shall be unlawful for any oil- and gas-fired utility unit whose average annual fuel consumption during the period 1980 through 1989 on a Btu basis exceeded 90 percent in the form of natural gas to exceed an annual sulfur dioxide tonnage limitation equal to the product of the unit's baseline multiplied by the unit's actual 1985 emissions rate divided by 2,000 unless the owner or operator of such unit holds allowances to emit not less than the unit's total annual emissions for a year after 2007, or the owner or operator of the source that includes such unit holds allowances to emit not less than the total annual emissions of all affected units at the source.

(2) In addition to allowances allocated pursuant to paragraph (1) and section 412(a) as basic Phase II allowance allocations, beginning January 1, 2000, and for each calendar year thereafter until and including 2009, the Administrator shall allocate annually for each unit subject to the emissions limitation requirements of paragraph (1) allowances from the reserve created pursuant to subsection (a)(2) in an amount equal to the unit's baseline multiplied by 0.050 lbs/mmBtu, divided by 2,000.

(3) In addition to allowances allocated pursuant to paragraph (1) and section 412(a), beginning January 1, 2010, the Administrator shall allocate annually for each unit subject to the emissions limitation requirements of paragraph

(1) allowances in an amount equal to the unit's baseline multiplied by 0.050 lbs/mmBtu, divided by 2,000.

(i) Units in High Growth States.--

(1) In addition to allowances allocated pursuant to this section and section 412(a) as basic Phase II allowance allocations, beginning January 1, 2000, the Administrator shall allocate annually allowances for each unit, subject to an emissions limitation requirement under this section, and located in a State that--

(A) has experienced a growth in population in excess of 25 percent between 1980 and 1988 according to State Population and Household Estimates, With Age, Sex, and Components of Change: 1981-1988 allocated by the United States Department of Commerce, and

(B) had an installed electrical generating capacity of more than 30,000,000 kw in 1988, in an amount equal to the difference between

(i) the number of allowances that would be allocated for the unit pursuant to the emissions limitation requirements of this section applicable to the unit adjusted to reflect the unit's annual average fuel consumption on a Btu basis of any three consecutive calendar years between 1980 and 1989

(inclusive) as elected by the owner or operator and

(ii) the number of allowances allocated for the unit pursuant to the emissions limitation requirements of this section:

Provided, That the number of allowances allocated pursuant to this subsection shall not exceed an annual total of 40,000. If necessary to meeting the 40,000 allowance restriction imposed under this subsection the Administrator shall reduce, pro rata, the additional annual allowances allocated to each unit under this subsection.

(2) Beginning January 1, 2000, in addition to allowances allocated pursuant to this section and section 403(a)(1) as basic Phase II allowance allocations, the Administrator shall allocate annually for each unit subject to the emissions limitation requirements of subsection (b)(1)--

(A) the lesser of whose actual or allowable 1980 emissions rate has declined by 50 percent or more as of November 15, 1990,

(B) whose actual emissions rate is less than 1.2 lbs/mmBtu as of January 1, 2000,

(C) which commenced operation after January 1, 1970,

(D) which is owned by a utility company whose combined commercial and industrial kilowatt-hour sales have increased by more than 20 percent between calendar year 1980 and November 15, 1990, and

(E) whose company-wide fossil-fuel sulfur dioxide emissions rate has declined 40 percent or more from 1980 to 1988, allowances in an amount equal to the difference between--

(i) the number of allowances that would be allocated for the unit pursuant to the emissions limitation requirements of subsection (b)(1) adjusted to reflect the unit's annual average fuel consumption on a Btu basis for any three consecutive years between 1980 and 1989 (inclusive) as elected by the owner or operator, and

(ii) the number of allowances allocated for the unit pursuant to the emissions limitation requirements of subsection (b)(1)

Provided, That the number of allowances allocated pursuant to this paragraph shall not exceed an annual total of 5,000. If necessary to meeting the 5,000 allowance restriction imposed in the last clause of the preceding sentence the Administrator shall reduce, pro rata, the additional allowances allocated to each unit pursuant to this paragraph.

(j) Certain Municipally Owned Power Plants.--Beginning January 1, 2000, in addition to allowances allocated pursuant to this section and section 412(a) as basic Phase II allowance allocations, the Administrator shall allocate annually for each existing municipally owned oil and gas-fired utility unit with nameplate capacity equal to, or less than, 40 MWe, the lesser of whose actual or allowable 1985 sulfur dioxide emission rate is less than 1.20 lbs/mmBtu, allowances in an amount equal to the product of the unit's annual fuel consumption on a Btu basis at a 60 percent capacity factor multiplied by the lesser of its allowable 1985 emission rate or its actual 1985 emission rate, divided by 2,000.

SEC. 415. ALLOWANCES FOR STATES WITH EMISSIONS RATES AT OR

BELOW 0.80 LBS/MMBTU.

(a) Election of Governor.--In addition to basic Phase II allowance allocations, upon the election of the Governor of any State, with a 1985 statewide annual sulfur dioxide emissions rate equal to or less than, 0.80 lbs/mmBtu, averaged over all fossil fuel-fired utility steam generating units, beginning January 1, 2000, and for each calendar year thereafter until and including 2009, the Administrator shall allocate, in lieu of other Phase 11 bonus allowance allocations, allowances from the reserve created pursuant to section 414(a)(2) to all such units in the State in an amount equal to 125,000 multiplied by the unit's pro rata share of electricity generated in calendar year 1985 at fossil fuel-fired utility steam units in all States eligible for the election.

(b) Notification of Administrator.--Pursuant to section 412(a), each Governor of a State eligible to make an election under paragraph (a) shall notify the Administrator of such election. In the event that the Governor of any such State fails to notify the Administrator of the Governor's elections, the Administrator shall allocate allowances pursuant to section 414.

(c) Allowances After January 1, 2010.--After January 1, 2010, the Administrator shall allocate allowances to units subject to the provisions of this section pursuant to section 414.

SEC. 416. ELECTION FOR ADDITIONAL SOURCES.

(a) Applicability.--The owner or operator of any unit that is not, nor will become, an affected unit under section 412(b), 413, or 414, that emits sulfur dioxide, may elect to designate that unit or source to become an affected unit and to receive allowances under this subpart. An election shall be submitted to the Administrator for approval, along with a permit application and proposed compliance plan in accordance with section 404. The Administrator shall approve a designation that meets the requirements of this section, and such designated unit shall be allocated allowances, and be an affected unit for purposes of this subpart.

(b) Establishment of Baseline.--The baseline for a unit designated under this section shall be established by the Administrator by regulation, based on fuel consumption and operating data for the unit for calendar years 1985, 1986, and 1987, or if such data is not available, the Administrator may prescribe a baseline based on alternative representative data.

(c) Emission Limitations.--

(1) For a unit for which an election, along with a permit application and compliance plan, is submitted to the Administrator under paragraph (a) on or after January 1, 2002, annual emissions limitations for sulfur dioxide shall be equal to the product of the baseline multiplied by the lesser of the unit's 1985 actual or allowable emission rate in lbs/mmBtu, or, if the unit did not operate in 1985, by the lesser of the unit's actual or allowable emission rate for a calendar year after 1985 (as determined by the Administrator), divided by 2,000.

(2) For a unit for which an election, along with a permit application and compliance plan, is submitted to the Administrator under paragraph (a) on or after January 1, 2002, annual emissions limitations for sulfur dioxide shall be equal to the product of the baseline multiplied by the lesser of the unit's 1985 actual or allowable emission rate in lbs/mmBtu, or, if the unit did not operate in 1985, by the lesser of the unit's actual or allowable emission rate for a calendar year after 1985 (as determined by the Administrator), divided by 4,000.

(d) Allowances and Permits.--The Administrator shall issue allowances to an affected unit under this section in an amount equal to the emissions limitation calculated under subsection (c), in accordance with section 412. Such allowance may be used in accordance with, and shall be subject to, the provisions of section 412. Affected sources under this section shall be subject to the requirements of sections 404, 405, 406, and 412.

(e) Limitation.--Any unit designated under this section shall not transfer or bank allowances produced as a result of reduced utilization or shutdown, except that, such allowances may be transferred or carried forward for use in subsequent years to the extent that the reduced utilization or shutdown results from the replacement of thermal energy from the unit designated under this section, with thermal energy generated by any other unit or units subject to the requirements of this subpart, and the designated unit's allowances are transferred or carried forward for use at such other replacement unit or units. In no case may the Administrator allocate to a source designated under this section allowances in an amount greater than the emissions resulting from operation of the source in full compliance with the requirements of this Act. No such allowances shall authorize operation of a unit in violation of any other requirements of this Act.

(f) Implementation.--The Administrator shall implement this section under 40 CFR Part 74 (2002), amended as appropriate by the Administrator.

SEC. 417. AUCTIONS, RESERVE.

(a) Special Reserve of Allowances.--For purposes of establishing the Special Allowance Reserve, the Administrator shall withhold--

(1) 2.8 percent of the allocation of allowances for each year from 1995 through 1999 inclusive; and

(2) 2.8 percent of the basic Phase 11 allowance allocation of allowances for each year beginning in the year 2000

which would (but for this subsection) be issued for each affected unit at an affected source. The Administrator shall record such withholding for purposes of transferring the proceeds of the allowance sales under this subsection. The allowances so withheld shall be deposited in the Reserve under this section.

(b) Auction Sales.--

(1) Subaccount for auctions.--The Administrator shall establish an Auction Subaccount in the Special Reserve established under this section. The Auction Subaccount shall contain allowances to be sold at auction under this section in the amount of 150,000 tons per year for each year from 1995 through 1999, inclusive and 250,000 tons per year for each year from 2000 through 2009, inclusive.

(2) Annual auctions.--Commencing in 1993 and in each year thereafter until 2010, the Administrator shall conduct auctions at which the allowances referred to in paragraph (1) shall be offered for sale in accordance with regulations promulgated by the Administrator. The allowances referred to in paragraph (1) shall be offered for sale at auction in the amounts specified in table C. The auction shall be open to any person. A person wishing to bid for such allowances shall submit (by a date set by the Administrator) to the Administrator (on a sealed bid schedule provided by the Administrator) offers to purchase specified numbers of allowances at specified prices. Such regulations shall specify that the auctioned allowances shall be allocated and sold on the basis of bid price, starting with the highest-priced bid and continuing until all allowances for sale at such auction have been allocated. The regulations shall not permit that a minimum price be set for the purchase of withheld allowances. Allowances purchased at the auction may be used for any purpose and at any time after the auction, subject to the provisions of this subpart and subpart 2.

TABLE C--NUMBER OF ALLOWANCES AVAILABLE FOR AUCTION

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Spot

auction Advance

Year of sale (same auction

year)

------------------------------------------------------------------------

1993.............................................. 50,000 100,000

1994.............................................. 50,000 100,000

1995.............................................. 50,000 100,000

1996.............................................. 150,000 100,000

1997.............................................. 150,000 100,000

1998.............................................. 150,000 100,000

1999.............................................. 150,000 100,000

2000.............................................. 125,000 125,000

2001.............................................. 125,000 125,000

2002.............................................. 125,000 125,000

2003.............................................. 125,000 0

2004-2009......................................... 125,000 0

------------------------------------------------------------------------

(3) Proceeds.--

(A) Transfer.--Notwithstanding section 3302 of title 31 of the United States Code or any other provision of law, within 90 days of receipt, the Administrator shall transfer the proceeds from the auction under this section, on a pro rata basis, to the owners or operators of the affected units at an affected source from whom allowances were withheld under subsection (b). No funds transferred from a purchaser to a seller of allowances under this paragraph shall be held by any officer or employee of the United States or treated for any purpose as revenue to the United States or the Administrator.

(B) Return.--At the end of each year, any allowances offered for sale but not sold at the auction shall be returned without charge, on a pro rata basis, to the owner or operator of the affected units from whose allocation the allowances were withheld. With 170 days after the date of enactment of the Clear Skies Act of 2003, any allowance withheld under paragraph (a)(2) but not offered for sale at an auction shall be returned without charge, on a pro rata basis, to the owner or operator of the affected units from whose allocation the allowances were withheld.

(4) Recording by epa.--The Administrator shall record and publicly report the nature, prices and results of each auction under this subsection, including the prices of successful bids, and shall record the transfers of allowances as a result of each auction in accordance with the requirements of this section. The transfer of allowances at such auction shall be recorded in accordance with the regulations promulgated by the Administrator under this subpart.

(c) Changes in Auctions and Withholding.--Pursuant to rulemaking after public notice and comment the Administrator may at any time after the year 1998 (in the case of advance auctions) and 2005 (in the case of spot auctions) decrease the number of allowances withheld and sold under this section.

(d) Termination of Auctions.--Not later than the commencement date of the sulfur dioxide allowance requirement under section 422, the Administrator shall terminate the withholding of allowances and the auction sales under this section. Pursuant to regulations under this section, the Administrator may by delegation or contract provide for the conduct of sales or auctions under the Administrator's supervision by other departments or agencies of the United States Government or by nongovernmental agencies, groups, or organizations.

(e) The Administrator shall implement this section under 40 CFR Part 73 (2002), amended as appropriate by the Administrator.

SEC. 418. INDUSTRIAL SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSIONS.

(a) Report.--Not later than January 1, 1995 and every 5 years thereafter, the Administrator shall transmit to the Congress a report containing an inventory of national annual sulfur dioxide emissions from industrial sources (as defined in section 411 (11)), including units subject to section 414(g)(2), for all years for which data are available, as well as the likely trend in such emission over the following twenty-year period. The reports shall also contain estimates of the actual emission reduction in each year resulting from promulgation of the diesel fuel desulfurization regulations under section 214.

(b) 5.60 Million Ton Cap.--Whenever the inventory required by this section indicates that sulfur dioxide emissions from industrial sources, including units subject to section 414(g)(2), and may reasonably be expected to reach levels greater than 5.60 million tons per year, the Administrator shall take such actions under the Act as may be appropriate to ensure that such emissions do not exceed 5.60 million tons per year. Such actions may include the promulgation of new and revised standards of performance for new sources, including units subject to section 414(g)(2), under section 111(b), as well as promulgation of standards of performance for existing sources, including units subject to section 414(g)(2), under authority of this section. For an existing source regulated under this section, ``standard of performance'' means a standard which the Administrator determines is applicable to that source and which reflects the degree of emission reduction achievable through the application of the best system of continuous emission reduction which (taking into consideration the cost of achieving such emission reduction, and any nonair quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements) the Administrator determines has been adequately demonstrated for that category of sources.

(c) Election.--Regulations promulgated under section 414(b) shall not prohibit a source from electing to become an affected unit under section 417.

SEC. 419. TERMINATION.

Starting January l, 2010, the owners or operators of affected units and affected facilities under sections 412(b) and (c) and 416 and shall no longer be subject to the requirements of sections 412 through 417.

Subpart 2--Clear Skies Sulfur Dioxide Allowance Program

SEC. 421. DEFINITIONS.

For purposes of this subpart--

(1) The term ``affected EGU'' means--

(A) for a unit serving a generator before the date of enactment of the Clear Skies Act of 2003, a unit in a State serving a generator with a nameplate capacity of greater than 25 megawatts that produced or produces electricity for sale during 2002 or any year thereafter, except for a cogeneration unit that meets the criteria for qualifying cogeneration facilities codified in Section 292.205 of Title 18 of the Code of Federal Regulations as issued on April 1, 2002 during 2002 and each year thereafter; and

(B) for a unit commencing service of a generator on or after the date of enactment of the Clear Skies Act of 2003, a unit in a State serving a generator that produces electricity for sale during any year starting with the year the unit commences service of a generator, except for a unit serving one or more generators with total nameplate capacity of 25 megawatts or less, or a cogeneration unit that meets the criteria for qualifying cogeneration facilities codified in Section 292.205 of Title 18 of the Code of Federal Regulations as issued on April 1, 2002, during each year starting with the year the unit commences services of a generator.

Notwithstanding paragraphs (A) and (B), the term ``affected EGU'' does not include a solid waste incineration unit subject to section 129 or a unit for the treatment, storage, or disposal of hazardous waste subject to section 3005 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act.

(2) The term ``coal-fired'' with regard to a unit means, for purposes of section 424, combusting coal or any coal-derived fuel alone or in combination with any amount of any other fuel in any year during 1998 through 2002 or, for a unit that commenced operation on or after January 1, 2003, a unit designed to combust coal or any coal-derived fuel alone or in combination with any other fuel.

(3) The term ``Eastern bituminous'' means bituminous that is from a mine located in a State east of the Mississippi River.

(4) The term ``general account'' means an account in the Allowance Tracking System under section 403(c) established by the Administrator for any person under 40 C.F.R. Part 73.31

(c) (2002), amended as appropriate by the Administrator.

(5) The term ``oil-fired'' with regard to a unit means, for purposes of section 424, combusting fuel oil for more than 10 percent of the unit's total heat input, and combusting no coal or coal-derived fuel, in any year during 1998 through 2002 or, for a unit that commenced operation on or after January 1, 2003, a unit designed to combust oil for more than 10 percent of the unit's total heat input and not to combust any coal or coal-derived fuel.

(6) The term ``unit account'' means an account in the Allowance Tracking System under section 403(c) established by the Administrator for any unit under 40 CFR Sec. 73.31(a) and (b)(2002), amended as appropriate by the Administrator.

SEC. 422. APPLICABILITY.

(a) Prohibition.--Starting January 1, 2010, it shall be unlawful for the affected EGUs at a facility to emit a total amount of sulfur dioxide during the year in excess of the number of sulfur dioxide allowances held for such facility for that year by the owner or operator of the facility.

(b) Allowances Held.--Only sulfur dioxide allowances under section 423 shall be held in order to meet the requirements of subsection (a), except as provided under section 425.

SEC. 423. LIMITATIONS ON TOTAL EMISSIONS.

(a) For affected EGUs for 2010 and each year thereafter, the Administrator shall allocate sulfur dioxide allowances under section 424.

TABLE A--TOTAL SO2 ALLOWANCES ALLOCATED FOR EGUs

------------------------------------------------------------------------

S02

Year allowances

allocated

------------------------------------------------------------------------

2010....................................................... 4,416,666

2011-2012.................................................. 4,416,667

2013-2017.................................................. 4,500,000

2018 and thereafter........................................ 3,000,000

------------------------------------------------------------------------

SEC. 424. EGU ALLOCATIONS.

(a) In General.--Not later than 36 months before the commencement date of the sulfur dioxide allowance requirement of section 422, the Administrator shall promulgate regulations determining allocations of sulfur dioxide allowances for affected EGUs for each year during 2010 and thereafter. The regulations shall provide that:

(1) 93 percent of the total amount of sulfur dioxide allowances allocated each year to fossil-fuel-fired affected EGUs under section 424 shall be allocated by the Administrator to individual EGUs in the proportion to which the number of allowances to emit sulfur dioxide allocated to such EGUs under sections 413, 415, and 416 or their predecessors in effect prior to enactment of the Clear Skies Act of 2003 based on the aggregated number of allowances to emit sulfur dioxide issue to all sources under subpart 1 of part B of this title or its predecessor in effect prior to enactment of the Clear Skies Act of 2003.

(A) The Administrator shall allocate sulfur dioxide allowances to each facility's account and each general account in the Allowance Tracking System under section 403(c) as follows:

(i) For each unit account and each general account in the Allowance Tracking System, the Administrator shall determine the total amount of sulfur dioxide allowances allocated under subpart 1 for 2010 and thereafter that are recorded, as of 12:00 noon, Eastern Standard time, on the date 180 days after enactment of the Clear Skies Act of 2003. The Administrator shall determine this amount in accordance with 40 CFR Part 73

(2002), amended as appropriate by the Administrator, except that the Administrator shall apply a discount rate of 7 percent for each year after 2010 to the amounts of sulfur dioxide allowances allocated for 2011 or later.

(ii) For each unit account and each general account in the Allowance Tracking System, the Administrator shall determine an amount of sulfur dioxide allowances equal to the allocation amount under subparagraph (A) multiplied by the ratio of the amount of sulfur dioxide allowances determined to be recorded in that account under clause (i) to the total amount of sulfur dioxide allowances determined to be recorded in all unit accounts and general accounts in the Allowance Tracking System under clause (i).

(iii) The Administrator shall allocate to each facility's account in the Allowance Tracking System an amount of sulfur dioxide allowances equal to the total amount of sulfur dioxide allowances determined under clause (ii) for the unit accounts of the units at the facility and shall allocate to each general account in the Allowance Tracking System the amount of sulfur dioxide allowances determined under clause

(ii) for that general account.

(2)(A) 7 percent of the total amount of sulfur dioxide allowances allocated each year under section 423 shall be allocated for units at a facility that are affected EGUs, but did not receive sulfur dioxide allocations under subpart 1 of this title.

(B) The Administrator shall allocate each year for the units under subparagraph (A) that commenced operation before January 1, 2001, an amount of sulfur dioxide allowances determined by:

(i) For such units at the facility that are coal-fired, multiplying 0.40 lb/mmBtu by the total baseline heat input of such units and converting to tons.

(ii) For such units at the facility that are oil-fired, multiplying 0.20 lb/mmBtu by the total baseline heat input of such units and converting to tons.

(iii) For all such other units at the facility that are not covered by clause (i) or (ii), multiplying 0.05 lb/mmBtu by the total baseline heat input of such units and converting to tons.

(iv) If the total of the amounts for all facilities under clauses (i), (ii), and (iii) exceeds the allocation amount under subparagraph (A), multiplying the allocation amount under subparagraph (A) by the ratio of the total of the amounts for the facility under clauses (i), (ii), and (iii) to the total of the amounts for all facilities under clause

(i), (ii), and (iii).

(v) Allocating to each facility the lesser of the total of the amounts for the facility under clauses (i), (ii), and

(iii) or, if the total of the amounts for all facilities under clauses (i), (ii), and (iii) exceeds the allocation amount under subparagraph (A), the amount under clause (iv).

(C) The Administrator shall allocate each year for units under subparagraph (A) that commence commercial operation on or after January l, 2001 and before January 1, 2005, an amount of sulfur dioxide allowances determined by:

(i) For such units at the facility that are coal-fired or oil-fired, multiplying 0.19 lb/ mmBtu by the total baseline heat input of such units and converting to tons.

(ii) For all such other units at the facility that are not covered by clause (i), multiplying .005 lb/mmBtu by the total baseline heat input of such units and converting to tons.

(iii) If the total of the amounts for all facilities under clauses (i) and (ii) exceeds the allocation amount under subparagraph (A), multiplying the allocation amount under subparagraph (A) by the ratio of the total of the amounts for the facility under clauses (i) and (ii) to the total of the amounts for all facilities under clauses (i) and (ii).

(iv) Allocating to each facility the lesser of the total of the amounts for the facility under clauses (i) and (ii) or, if the total of the amounts for all facilities under clauses

(i) and (ii) exceeds the allocation amount under subparagraph

(A), the amount under clause (iv). The Administrator shall allocate to the facilities under paragraphs (1) and (2) on a pro rata basis (based on the allocations under those paragraphs) any unallocated allowances under this paragraph.

(D) The Administrator shall allocate each year for units under subparagraph (A) that commence commercial operation on or after January 1, 2005, an amount of sulfur dioxide allowances determined for each such unit at the facility by multiplying the applicable National Emissions Standard under section 481 by the applicable ``baseline heat input,'' considering fuel and combustion type, as defined in section 402(5)(B) and converting to tons.

(E) In the event that allocation demand exceeds supply, the Administrator shall allocate allowances under subparagraph

(A) giving first priority to units qualifying under subparagraph (B), second priority to units qualifying under subparagraph (C), and third priority to units qualifying under subparagraph (D). Allowances allocated under subparagraph (D) shall be allocated to units on a first come basis determined by date of unit commencement of construction, provided that such unit actually commences operation. As such, allocations to units under paragraph (D) will not be reduced as a result of new units commencing commercial operation.

(b)(1) Failure To Promulgate.--For each year 2010 and thereafter, if the Administrator has not promulgated regulations, determining allocations under subsection (a), each affected EGU shall comply with section 422 by providing annual notice to the permitting authority. Such notice shall indicate the amount of allowances the affected EGU believes it has for the relevant year and the amount of sulfur dioxide emissions for such year. The amount of sulfur dioxide emissions shall be determined using reasonable industry accepted methods unless the Administrator has promulgated applicable monitoring and alternative monitoring requirements.

(b)(2) Upon promulgation of regulations under subsection

(a) determining the allocations for 2010 and thereafter, and promulgating regulations under section 403(b) providing for the transfer of sulfur dioxides and section 403(c) establishing an Allowance Transfer System for sulfur dioxide allowances, each unit's emissions shall be compared to and reconciled to its actual allocations under the promulgated regulations. Each unit will have nine (9) months to purchase any allowance shortfall through allowances purchased from other allowance holders or through direct sale. Any unit with an allowance excess shall be credited allowances in accordance with section 425.

SEC. 425. SULFUR DIOXIDE EARLY ACTION REDUCTION CREDITS.

(a) The Administrator shall promulgate regulations within 18 months authorizing the allocation of sulfur dioxide allowances to units designated under this section that install or modify pollution control equipment or combustion technology improvements identified in such regulations after the date of enactment of this section and prior to January 1, 2010.

(b) No allowances shall be allocated under this paragraph for emissions reductions: attributable to pollution control equipment or combustion technology improvements that were operational or under construction at any time prior to the date of enactment of this section; attributable to fuel switching; or required under any federal regulation.

(c) The allowances allocated to any unit under this paragraph shall be in addition to the allowances allocated under section 424 and shall be allocated in an amount equal to one allowance of sulfur dioxide for each 1.05 tons of reduction in emissions of sulfur dioxide achieved by the pollution control equipment or combustion technology improvements starting with the year in which the equipment or improvement is implemented. The early compliance reduction allowances available under this section shall be used and tradeable in the same manner as allowances under section 424.

(d) The Administrator shall promulgate regulations as necessary to ensure affected units receive early compliance allowance credit. Early compliance allowances shall be allocated at the end of an early compliance year. Should the Administrator fail to promulgate allocation regulations by the end of a given year, early compliance allowances for each year shall be allocated at the earliest possible time after allocation regulations are promulgated.

SEC. 426. DISPOSITION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE ALLOWANCES ALLOCATED

UNDER SUBPART 1.

(a) Removal From Accounts.--After allocating allowances under section 424(a)(1), the Administrator shall remove from the unit accounts and general accounts in the Allowance Tracking System under section 403(c) and from the Special Allowances Reserve under section 418 all sulfur dioxide allowances allocated or deposited under subpart 1 for 2010 or later.

(b) Regulations.--The Administrator shall promulgate regulations as necessary to assure that the requirement to hold allowances under section 422 may be met using sulfur dioxide allowances allocated under subpart 1 for 1995 through 2009. No part of this Act shall be construed to prevent use of unused pre-2010 allowances to meet the requirements of section 422.

SEC. 427. INCENTIVES FOR SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSION CONTROL

TECHNOLOGY.

(a) Reserve.--The Administrator shall establish a reserve of 250,000 sulfur dioxide allowances comprising 83,334 sulfur dioxide allowances for 2010, 83,333 sulfur dioxide allowances for 2011, and 83,333 sulfur dioxide allowances for 2012.

(b) Application.--Not later than 18 months after the enactment of the Clear Skies Act of 2003, an owner or operator of an affected EGU that commenced operation before 2001 and that during 2001 combusted Eastern bituminous may submit an application to the Administrator for sulfur dioxide allowances from the reserve under subsection (a). The application shall include each of the following:

(1) A statement that the owner or operator will install and commence commercial operation of specified sulfur dioxide control technology at the unit within 24 months after approval of the application under subsection (c) if the unit is allocated the sulfur dioxide allowances requested under paragraph (4). The owner or operator shall provide description of the control technology.

(2) A statement that, during the period starting with the commencement of operation of sulfur dioxide technology under paragraph (1) through 2009, the unit will combust Eastern bituminous at a percentage of the unit's total heat input equal to or exceeding the percentage of total heat input combusted by the unit in 2001 if the unit is allocated the sulfur dioxide allowances requested under paragraph (4).

(3) A demonstration that the unit will achieve, while combusting fuel in accordance with paragraph (2) and operating the sulfur dioxide control technology specified in paragraph (1), a specified tonnage of sulfur dioxide emission reductions during the period starting with the commencement of operation of sulfur dioxide control technology under subparagraph (1) through 2009. The tonnage of emission reductions shall be the difference between emissions monitored at a location at the unit upstream of the control technology described in paragraph (1) and emissions monitored at a location at the unit downstream of such control technology, while the unit is combusting fuel in accordance with paragraph (2).

(4) A request that the Administrator allocate for the unit a specified number of sulfur dioxide allowances from the reserve under subsection (a) for the period starting with the commencement of operation of the sulfur dioxide technology under paragraph (1) through 2009.

(5) A statement of the ratio of the number of sulfur dioxide allowances requested under paragraph (4) to the tonnage of sulfur dioxide emissions reductions under paragraph (3).

(c) Approval or Disapproval.--By order subject to notice and opportunity for comment, the Administrator shall--

(1) determine whether each application meets the requirements of subsection (b);

(2) list the applications meeting the requirements of subsection (b) and their respective allowance-to-emission-reduction ratios under paragraph (b)(5) in order, from lowest to highest, of such ratios;

(3) for each application listed under paragraph (2), multiply the amount of sulfur dioxide emission reductions requested by each allowance-to-emission-reduction ratio on the list that equals or is less than the ratio for the application;

(4) sum, for each allowance-to-emission-reduction ratio in the list under paragraph (2), the amounts of sulfur dioxide allowances determined under paragraph (3);

(5) based on the calculations in paragraph (4), determine which allowance-to-emission-reduction ratio on the list under paragraph (2) results in the highest total amount of allowances that does not exceed 250,000 allowances; and

(6) approve each application listed under paragraph (2) with a ratio equal to or less than the allowance-to-emission-reduction ratio determined under paragraph (5) and disapprove all the other applications.

(d) Monitoring.--An owner or operator whose application is approved under subsection (c) shall install and operate a CEMS for monitoring sulfur dioxide and to quality assure the data. The installation of the CEMS and the quality assurance of data shall be in accordance with subparagraph (a)(2)(B) and subsections (c) through (e) of section 405, except that, where two or more units utilize a single stack, and one or more units are not subject to such standards, separate monitoring shall be required for each unit.

(e) Allocations.--Not later than 6 months after the commencement date of the sulfur dioxide allowance requirement of section 422, for the units for which applications are approved under subsection (c), the Administrator shall allocate sulfur dioxide allowances as follows:

(1) For each unit, the Administrator shall multiply the allowance-to-emission-reduction ratio of the last application that the Administrator approved under subsection (c) by the lesser of--

(A) the total tonnage of sulfur dioxide emissions reductions achieved by the unit, during the period starting with the commencement of operation of the sulfur dioxide control technology under subparagraph (b)(1) through 2009, through use of such control technology; or

(B) the tonnage of sulfur dioxide emission reductions under paragraph (b)(3).

(2) If the total amount of sulfur dioxide allowances determined for all units under paragraph (1) exceeds 250,000 sulfur dioxide allowances, the Administrator shall multiply 250,000 sulfur dioxide allowances by the ratio of the amount of sulfur dioxide allowances determined for each unit under paragraph (1) to the total amount of sulfur dioxide allowances determined for all units under paragraph (1).

(3) The Administrator shall allocate to each unit the lesser of the amount determined for that unit under paragraph

(1) or, if the total amount of sulfur dioxide allowances determined for all units under paragraph (1) exceeds 250,000 sulfur dioxide allowances, under paragraph (2). The Administrator shall allocate to the facilities under section 424 paragraphs (1) and (2) on a pro rata basis (based on the allocations under those paragraphs) any unallocated allowances under this paragraph.

Subpart 3--Western Regional Air Partnership

SEC. 431. DEFINITIONS.

For purposes of this subpart--

(1) The term ``adjusted baseline heat input'' means the average annual heat input used by a unit during the three years in which the unit had the highest heat input for the period from the eighth through the fourth year before the first covered year.

(A) Notwithstanding paragraph (1), if a unit commences operation during such period and--

(i) on or after January 1 of the fifth year before the first covered year, then ``adjusted baseline heat input'' shall mean the average annual heat input used by the unit during the fifth and fourth years before the first covered year; and

(ii) on or after January 1 of the fourth year before the first covered year, then ``adjusted baseline heat input'' shall mean the annual heat input used by the unit during the fourth year before the first covered year.

(B) A unit's heat input for a year shall be the heat input--

(i) required to be reported under section 405 for the unit, if the unit was required to report heat input during the year under that section;

(ii) reported to the Energy Information Administrator for the unit, if the unit was not required to report heat input under section 405;

(iii) based on data for the unit reported to the WRAP State where the unit is located as required by State law, if the unit was not required to report heat input during the year under section 405 and did not report to the Energy Information Administration; or

(iv) based on fuel use and fuel heat content data for the unit from fuel purchase or use records, if the unit was not required to report heat input during the year under section 405 and did not report to the Energy Information Administration and the WRAP State.

(2) The term ``affected EGU'' means an affected EGU under subpart 2 that is in a WRAP State and that--

(A) in 2000, emitted 100 tons or more of sulfur dioxide and was used to produce electricity for sale; or

(B) in any year after 2000, emits 100 tons or more of sulfur dioxide and is used to produce electricity for sale.

(3) The term ``coal-fired'' with regard to a unit means, for purposes of section 434, a unit combusting coal or any coal-derived fuel alone or in combination with any amount of any other fuel in any year during the period from the eighth through the fourth year before the first covered year.

(4) The term ``covered year'' means--

(A)(i) the third year after the year 2018 or later when the total annual sulfur dioxide emissions of all affected EGUs in the WRAP States first exceed 271,000 tons; or

(ii) the third year after the year 2013 or later when the Administrator determines by regulation that the total annual sulfur dioxide emissions of all affected EGUs in the WRAP States are reasonably projected to exceed 271,000 tons in 2018 or any year thereafter. The Administrator may make such determination only if all the WRAP States submit to the Administrator a petition requesting that the Administrator issue such determination and make all affected EGUs in the WRAP States subject to the requirements of sections 432 through 434; and

(B) each year after the ``covered year'' under subparagraph

(A).

(5) The term ``oil-fired'' with regard to a unit means, for purposes of section 434, a unit combusting fuel oil for more than 10 percent of the unit's total heat input, and combusting no coal or coal-derived fuel, and any year during the period from the eighth through the fourth year before the first covered year.

(6) The term ``WRAP State'' means Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, and Wyoming.

SEC. 432. APPLICABILITY.

(a) Prohibition.--Starting January 1 of the first covered year, it shall be unlawful for the affected EGUs at a facility to emit a total amount of sulfur dioxide during the year in excess of the number of sulfur dioxide allowances held for such facility for that year by the owner or operator of the facility.

(b) Allowances Held.--Only sulfur dioxide allowances under section 433 shall be held in order to meet the requirements of subsection (a).

SEC. 433. LIMITATIONS ON TOTAL EMISSIONS.

For affected EGUs, the total amount of sulfur dioxide allowances that the Administrator shall allocate for each covered year under section 434 shall equal 271,000 tons.

SEC. 434. EGU ALLOCATIONS.

(a) In General.--By January 1 of the year before the first covered year, the Administrator shall promulgate regulations determining, for each covered year, the allocations of sulfur dioxide allowances for the units at a facility that are affected EGUs as of December 31 of the fourth year before the covered year by--

(1) for such units at the facility that are coal-fired, multiplying 0.40 lb/mmBtu by the total adjusted baseline heat input of such units and converting to tons;

(2) for such units at the facility that are oil-fired, multiplying 0.20 lb/mmBtu by the total adjusted baseline heat input of such units and converting to tons;

(3) for all such other units at the facility that are not covered by paragraph (1) or (2) multiplying 0.05 lb/mmBtu by the total adjusted baseline heat input of such units and converting to tons; and

(4) multiplying by 0.95 the allocation amount under section 433 by the ratio of the total of the amounts for the facility under paragraphs (1), (2), and (3) to the total of the amounts for all facilities under paragraphs (1), (2), and

(3); and

(5)(A) 5 percent of the total amount of sulfur dioxide allowances allocated each year under section 433 shall be allocated for units at a facility that are affected EGUs, but did not receive sulfur dioxide allocations under paragraph

(4). These units shall be allocated allowances in accordance with paragraphs (1), (2), and (3).

(B) Allowances allocated under subparagraph (A) shall be allocated to units on a first come basis determined by date of unit commencement of construction, provided that such unit actually commences operation. As such, allocations to units under paragraph (A) will not be reduced as a result of new units commencing commercial operation.

(C) Allowances not allocated under subparagraph (B) shall be allocated to units in paragraphs (A) and (B) on a pro rata basis.

(b)(1) Failure To Promulgate.--For each year 2010 and thereafter, if the Administrator has not promulgated regulations, determining allocations under paragraph (a), each affected EGU shall comply with section 422 by provided annual notice to the permitting authority. Such notice shall indicate the amount of allowances the affected EGU believes it has for the relevant year and the amount of sulfur dioxide emissions for such year. The amount of sulfur dioxide emissions shall be determined using reasonable industry accepted methods unless the Administrator has promulgated applicable monitoring and alternative monitoring requirements.

(2) Upon promulgation of regulations under subsection (a) determining the allocations for 2010 and thereafter, and promulgating regulations under section 403(b) providing for the transfer of sulfur dioxides and section 403(c) establishing an Allowance Transfer System for sulfur dioxide allowances, each unit's emissions shall be compared to and reconciled to its actual allocations under the promulgated regulations. Each unit will have nine (9) months to purchase any allowance shortfall through allowances purchased from other allowance holders or through direct sale. Any unit with an allowance excess shall be credited allowances in accordance with section 435.

SEC. 435. WRAP EARLY ACTION REDUCTION CREDITS

(a) The Administrator shall promulgate regulations within 18 months authorizing the allocation of sulfur dioxide allowances to units designated under this section that install or modify pollution control equipment or combustion technology improvements identified in such regulations after the date of enactment of this section and prior to January 1, 2010.

(b) No allowances shall be allocated under this paragraph for emissions reductions: attributable to pollution control equipment or combustion technology improvements that were operational or under construction at any time prior to the date of enactment of this section; attributable to fuel switching; or required under any federal regulation.

(c) The allowances allocated to any unit under this paragraph shall be in addition to the allowances allocated under section 434 and shall be allocated in an amount equal to one allowance of sulfur dioxide for each 1.05 tons of reduction in emissions of sulfur dioxide achieved by the pollution control equipment or combustion technology improvements starting with the year in which the equipment or improvement is implemented. The early compliance reduction allowances available under this section shall be used and tradeable in the same manner as allowances under section 434.

(d) The Administrator shall promulgate regulations as necessary to ensure affected units receive early compliance allowance credit. Early compliance allowances shall be allocated at the end of an early compliance year. Should the Administrator fail to promulgate allocation regulations by the end of a given year, early compliance allowances for each year shall be allocated at the earliest possible time after allocation regulations are promulgated.

Part C--Nitrogen Oxides Clear Skies Emission Reductions

Subpart 1--Acid Rain Program

SEC. 441. NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM.

(a) Applicability.--On the date that a coal-fired utility unit becomes an affected unit pursuant to sections 413 or 414, or on the date a unit subject to the provisions of section 413(d), must meet the NOX reduction requirements, each such unit shall become an affected unit for purposes of this section and shall be subject to the emission limitations for nitrogen oxides set forth herein.

(b) Emission Limitations.--(1) The Administrator shall by regulation establish annual allowable emission limitations for nitrogen oxides for the types of utility boilers listed below, which limitations shall not exceed the rates listed below: Provided, That the Administrator may set a rate higher than that listed for any type of utility boiler if the Administrator finds that the maximum listed rate for that boiler type cannot be achieved using low NOX burner technology. The Administrator shall implement this paragraph under 40 CFR Part 76.5 (2002). The maximum allowable emission rates are as follows:

(A) for tangentially fired boilers, 0.45 lb/mmBtu; and

(B) for dry bottom wall-fired boilers (other than units applying cell burner technology), 0.50 lb/mmBtu. After January 1, 1995, it shall be unlawful for any unit that is an affected unit on that date and is of the type listed in this paragraph to emit nitrogen oxides in excess of the emission rates set by the Administrator pursuant to this paragraph.

(2) The Administrator shall, by regulation, establish allowable emission limitations on a lb/mmBtu, annual average basis, for nitrogen oxides for the following types of utility boilers:

(A) wet bottom wall-fired boilers;

(B) cyclones;

(C) units applying cell burner technology; and

(D) all other types of utility boilers.

The Administrator shall base such rates on the degree of reduction achievable through the retrofit application of the best system of continuous emission reduction, taking into account available technology, costs and energy and environmental impacts; and which is comparable to the costs of nitrogen oxides controls set pursuant to subsection

(b)(1). The Administrator may revise the applicable emission limitations for tangentially fired and dry bottom, wall-fired boilers (other than cell burners) to be more stringent if the Administrator determines that more effective low NOx burned technology is available: Provided, That, no unit that is an affected unit pursuant to section 413 and that is subject to the requirements of subsection (b)(1), shall be subject to the revised emission limitations, if any. The Administrator shall implement that paragraph under 40 C.F.R. Parts 76.6 and 76.7 (2002).

(c) Alternative Emission Limitations.--(1) The permitting authority shall, upon request of an owner or operator of a unit subject to this section, authorize an emission limitation less stringent than the applicable limitation established under subsection (b)(1) or (b)(2) upon a determination that--

(A) a unit subject to subsection (b)(1) cannot meet the applicable limitation using low NOx burner technology; or

(B) a unit subject to subsection (b)(2) cannot meet the applicable rate using the technology on which the Administrator based the applicable emission limitation.

(2) The permitting authority shall base such determination upon a reasonable showing satisfactory to the permitting authority, in accordance with regulations established by the Administrator, that the owner or operator--

(A) has properly installed appropriate control equipment designed to meet the applicable emission rate;

(B) has properly operated such equipment for a period of 15 months (or such other period of time as the Administrator determines through the regulations), and provides operating and monitoring data for such period demonstrating that the unit cannot meet the applicable emission rate; and

(C) has specified an emission rate that such unit can meet on an annual average basis. The permitting authority shall issue an operating permit for the unit in question, in accordance with section 404 and title V--

(i) that permits the unit during the demonstration period referred to in subparagraph (B), to emit at a rate in excess of the applicable emission rate;

(ii) at the conclusion of the demonstration period to revise the operating permit to reflect the alternative emission rate demonstrated in subparagraphs (B) and (C).

(3) Units subject to subsection (b)(1) for which an alternative emission limitation is established shall not be required to install any additional control technology beyond low NOx burners. Nothing in this section shall preclude an owner or operator from installing and operating an alternative NOx control technology capable of achieving the applicable emission limitation. The Administrator shall implement this subsection under 40 C.F.R. Part 76 (2002), amended as appropriate by the Administrator.

(d) Emissions Averaging.--

(1) In lieu of complying with the applicable emission limitations under subsection (b)(1), (2), or (c), the owner or operator of two or more units subject to one or more of the applicable emission limitations set pursuant to these sections, may petition the permitting authority for alternative contemporaneous annual emission limitations for such units that ensure that--

(A) the actual annual emission rate in pounds of nitrogen oxides per million Btu averaged over the units in question is a rate that is less than, or equal to,

(B) the Btu-weighted average annual emission rate for the same units if they had been operated, during the same period of time, in compliance with limitations set in accordance with the applicable emission rates set pursuant to subsections (b)(1) and (2).

(2) If the permitting authority determines, in accordance with regulations issued by the Administrator that the conditions in paragraph (1) can be met, the permitting authority shall issue operating permits for such units, in accordance with section 404 and title V, that allow alternative contemporaneous annual emission limitations. Such emission limitations shall only remain in effect while both units continue operation under the conditions specified in their respective operating permits. The Administrator shall implement this subsection under 40 C.F.R. Part 76 (2002), amended as appropriate by the Administrator.

SEC. 442. TERMINATION.

Starting January 1, 2008, the owner or operator of affected units and affected facilities under section 441 shall no longer be subject to the requirements of that section.

Subpart 2--Clear Skies Nitrogen Oxides Allowance Program

SEC. 451. DEFINITIONS.

For purposes of this subpart:

(1) The term ``affected EGU'' means--

(A) for a unit serving a generator before the date of enactment of the Clear Skies Act of 2003, a unit in a State serving a generator with a nameplate capacity of greater than 25 megawatts that produced or produces electricity for sale during 2002 or any year thereafter, except for a cogeneration unit that meets the criteria for qualifying for a cogeneration facility codified in Section 292.205 of Title 18 of the Code of Federal Regulations as issued on April 1, 2002 during 2002 and each year thereafter; and

(B) for a unit commencing service of a generator on or after the date of enactment of the Clear Skies Act of 2003, a unit in a State serving a generator that produces electricity for sale during any year starting with the year the unit commences service of a generator, except for a gas-fired unit serving one or more generators with total nameplate capacity of 25 megawatts or less, or a cogeneration unit that meets the criteria for qualifying for a cogeneration facility codified in Section 292.205 of Title 18 of the Code of Federal Regulations as issued on April 1, 2002, during each year starting when the unit commences service of a generator.

(C) Notwithstanding paragraphs (A) and (B), the term

``affected EGU'' does not include a solid waste incineration unit subject to section 129 or a unit for the treatment, storage, or disposal of hazardous waste subject to section 3005 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act.

(2) The term ``adjusted baseline heat input'' with regard to a unit means, for purposes of allocating nitrogen oxides allowances in a particular year under this subpart, the units baseline multiplied by--

(A) 1.0 for affected coal-fired units for 2008 and each year thereafter;

(B) 0.55 for affected oil- and gas-fired units located in a Zone 1 State for years 2008 through 2017 inclusive;

(C) 0.8 for affected oil- and gas-fired units located in a Zone 1 State for 2018 and each year thereafter; and

(D) 0.4 for affected oil- and gas-fired units located in a Zone 2 State for 2008 and each year thereafter.

(3) The term ``allowable nitrogen oxides emissions rate'' means the most stringent federally enforceable emissions limitation for nitrogen oxides that applies to the unit as of date of enactment of this subpart. If the emissions limitation for a unit is not expressed in pounds of emissions per million Btu, or the averaging period of that emissions limitation is not expressed on an annual basis, the Administrator shall calculate the annual equivalent of that emissions limitation to establish the allowable rate. Such limitation shall not include any requirement to hold nitrogen oxides allowances under the federal NOx Budget Trading Program as codified at 40 C.F.R. Part 97 (2002), or any State program adopted to meet the requirements of the NOX SIP Call as codified at 40 C.F.R. 51.121

(2002).

(4) The term ``Zone 1 State'' means Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, the fine grid portion of Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas east of Interstate 35, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.

(5) The term ``Zone 2 State'' means Alaska, American Samoa, Arizona, California, Colorado, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, Hawaii, Idaho, Kansas, Minnesota, the coarse grid portion of Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, New Mexico, Nevada, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas west of Interstate 35, Utah, the Virgin Islands, Washington, and Wyoming.

SEC. 452. APPLICABILITY.

(a) Zone 1 Prohibition.--(1) Starting January 1, 2008, it shall be unlawful for the affected EGUs at a facility in a Zone 1 State to emit a total amount of nitrogen oxides during a year in excess of the number of nitrogen oxides allowances held for such facility for that year by the owner or operator of the facility.

(2) Only nitrogen oxides allowances under section 453(a) shall be held in order to meet the requirements of paragraph

(1), except as provided under section 465.

(b) Zone 2 Prohibition.--(1) Starting January 1, 2008, it shall be unlawful for the affected EGUs at a facility in a Zone 2 State to emit a total amount of nitrogen oxides during a year in excess of the number of nitrogen oxides allowances held for such facility for that year by the owner or operator of the facility.

(2) Only nitrogen oxides allowances under section 453(b) shall be held in order to meet the requirements of paragraph

(1).

SEC. 453. LIMITATIONS ON TOTAL EMISSIONS.

(a) Zone 1 Allocations.--For affected EGUs in the Zone 1 States for 2008 and each year thereafter, the Administrator shall allocate nitrogen oxides allowances under section 454(a) as specified in Table A.

TABLE A.--TOTAL NOX ALLOWANCES ALLOCATED FOR EGUs IN ZONE 1

------------------------------------------------------------------------

NOX

Year allowances

allocated

------------------------------------------------------------------------

2008-2017.................................................. 1,473,603

2018 and thereafter........................................ 1,073,603

------------------------------------------------------------------------

(b) Zone 2 Allocations.--For affected EGUs in the Zone 2 States for 2008 and each year thereafter, the Administrator shall allocate nitrogen oxides allowances under section 454(b) as specified in Table B.

TABLE B.--TOTAL NOx ALLOWANCES ALLOCATED FOR EGUs IN ZONE 2

------------------------------------------------------------------------

NOX

Year allowance

allocated

------------------------------------------------------------------------

2008 and thereafter........................................ 714,794

------------------------------------------------------------------------

SEC. 454. EGU ALLOCATIONS.

(a) EGU Allocations in the Zone 1 States.--

(1) EPA regulations.--Not later than 18 months before commencement date of the nitrogen oxides allowance requirement of section 452, the Administrator shall promulgate regulations determining the allocation of nitrogen oxides allowances for 2008 and each subsequent year for units at a facility in a Zone 1 State that are affected EGUs as of the date of enactment of this section.

(A) The regulations shall determine the allocation for such units for each year and future year by multiplying by 0.95 the allocation amount under section 453(a) by the ratio of the total amount of the adjusted baseline heat input of such units at the facility to the total amount of adjusted baseline heat input to all affected EGUs in the Zone 1 States. However, the regulations shall not allocate allowances to any affected unit in excess of the product of the unit's baseline heat input multiplied by the unit's allowable nitrogen oxides emissions rate, divided by 2000.

(B) 5 percent of the total amount of nitrogen oxides allowances allocated each year under section 453 shall be allocated for units at a facility that are affected EGUs, but did not receive nitrogen oxides allocations under paragraph

(A). These units shall be allocated allowances for each year by multiplying the allocation amount under section 453(a) by the ratio of the total amount of the adjusted baseline heat input of such units at the facility to the total amount of adjusted baseline heat input to all affected EGUs in the Zone 1 States, including those covered in (A). However, the regulations shall not allocate allowances to any affected unit in excess of the product of the unit's baseline heat input multiplied by the unit's allowable nitrogen oxides emissions rate, divided by 2000.

(C) Allowances allocated under subparagraph (B) shall be allocated to units on a first come basis determined by date of unit commencement of construction, provided that such unit actually commences operation. As such, allocations to units under paragraph (B) will not be reduced as a result of new units commencing commercial operation.

(D) Allowances not allocated under subparagraph (B) shall be allocated to units in paragraphs (A) and (B) on a pro rata basis.

(E) For each year 2008 and thereafter, if the Administrator has not promulgated the regulations determining allocation under subsection (a):

(i) each affected unit shall comply with section 452 by providing annual notice to the permitting authority. Such notice shall indicate the amount of allowances the affected unit believes it has for the relevant year and the amount of nitrogen oxide emissions for such year. The amount of nitrogen oxide emissions shall be determined using reasonable industry accepted methods unless the Administrator has promulgated applicable monitoring and alternative monitoring requirements; and

(ii) Upon promulgation of regulations under subsection (a) for Zone 1 determining the allocations for 2008 and thereafter, and promulgating regulations under section 403(b) providing for the transfer of nitrogen oxides and section 403(c) establishing an Allowance Transfer System for nitrogen oxide allowances, each unit's emissions shall be compared to and reconcile its actual allocations under the promulgated regulations. Each unit will have nine (9) months to submit allowances to the Administrator, without recompense, for any allowances shortfall. The submitted allowances may have been obtained and held by any mechanism consistent with this Act including, but not limited to, direct sale. Any unit with an allowance excess shall be credited allowances in accordance with section 455.

(b) EGU Allocations in the Zone 2 States.--

(1) EPA regulations.--Not later than 18 months before the commencement date of the nitrogen oxides allowance requirement of section 452, the Administrator shall promulgate regulations determining the allocation of nitrogen oxides allowances for 2008 and each subsequent year for units at a facility in a Zone 2 State that are affected EGUs as of the date of enactment of this section.

(A) The regulations shall determine the allocation for such units for each year by multiplying by 0.95 the allocation amount under section 453(b) by the ratio of the total amount of the adjusted baseline heat input of such units at the facility to the total amount of the adjusted baseline heat input to all affected EGUs in the Zone 2 States. However, the regulations shall not allocate allowances to any affected unit in excess of the product of the unit's baseline heat input multiplied by the unit's allowable nitrogen oxides emissions rate, divided by 2000.

(B) 5 percent of the total amount of nitrogen oxides allowances allocated each year under section 453 shall be allocated for units at a facility that are affected EGUs, but did not receive nitrogen oxides allocations under paragraph

(A). These units shall be allocated allowances for each year by multiplying the allocation amount under section 453(a) by the ratio of the total amount of the adjusted baseline heat input of such units at the facility to the total amount of adjusted baseline heat input to all affected EGUs in the Zone 2 States, including those covered in (A). However, the regulations shall not allocate allowances to any affected unit in excess of the product of the unit's baseline heat input multiplied by the unit's allowable nitrogen oxides emissions rate, divided by 2000.

(C) Allowances allocated under subparagraph (B) shall be allocated to units on a first come basis determined by date of unit commencement of construction, provided that such unit actually commences operation. As such, allocations to units under subparagraph (B) will not be reduced as a result of new units commencing commercial operation.

(D) Allowances not allocated under subparagraph (B) shall be allocated to units in paragraphs (A) and (B) on a pro rata basis.

(E) For each year 2008 and thereafter, if the Administrator has not promulgated the regulations determining allocation under subsection (a):

(i) each affected unit shall comply with section 452 by providing annual notice to the permitting authority. Such notice shall indicate the amount of allowances the affected unit believes it has for the relevant year and the amount of nitrogen oxide emissions for such year. The amount of nitrogen oxide emissions shall be determined using reasonable industry accepted methods unless the Administrator has promulgated applicable monitoring and alternative monitoring requirements; and

(ii) Upon promulgation of regulations under subsection (b) for Zone 2 determining the allocations for 2008 and thereafter, and promulgating regulations under section 403(b) providing for the transfer of nitrogen oxides and section 403(c) establishing an Allowance Transfer System for nitrogen oxide allowances, each unit's emissions shall be compared to and reconcile with its actual allocations under the promulgated regulations. Each unit will have nine (9) months to submit allowances to the Administrator, without recompense, for any allowance shortfall. The submitted allowances may have been obtained and held by any mechanism consistent with this Act including, but not limited to, direct sale. Any unit with an allowance excess shall be credited allowances in accordance with section 455.

SEC. 455 NITROGEN OXIDES EARLY ACTION REDUCTION CREDITS.

(a) The Administrator shall promulgate regulations within 18 months authorizing the allocation of nitrogen oxides allowances to units designated under this section that install or modify pollution control equipment or combustion technology improvements identified in such regulations after the date of enactment of this section and prior to January l, 2010.

(b) No allowances shall be allocated under this paragraph for emissions reductions: attributable to pollution control equipment or combustion technology improvements that were operational or under construction at any time prior to the date of enactment of this section; attributable to fuel switching; or required under any federal regulation.

(c) The allowances allocated to any unit under this paragraph shall be in addition to the allowances allocated under section 454 and shall be allocated in an amount equal to one allowance of nitrogen oxides for each 1.05 tons of reduction in emissions of nitrogen oxides achieved by the pollution control equipment or combustion technology improvements starting with the year in which the equipment or improvement is implemented. The early compliance reduction allowances available under this section shall be used and tradeable in the same manner as allowances under section 454.

(d) The Administrator shall promulgate regulations as necessary to ensure affected units receive early compliance allowance credit. Early compliance allowances shall be allocated at the end of an early compliance year. Should the Administrator fail to promulgate allocation regulations by the end of a given year, early compliance allowances for each year shall be allocated at the earliest possible time after allocation regulations are promulgated.

Subpart 3--Ozone Season NOx Budget Program

SEC. 461. DEFINITIONS.

For purposes of this subpart:

(1) The term ``ozone season'' means--

(A) with regard to Connecticut, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island, the period May 1 through September 30 for each year starting in 2003; and

(B) with regard to all other States, the period May 1 through September 30, for each year starting in 2004 and thereafter.

(2) The term ``non-ozone season'' means

(A) with regard to Connecticut, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island, the period October 1 through April 30 and

(B) with regard to all other States, the period October 1, 2003, through May 29, 2004 and the period October 1 through April 30 beginning in the year 2004 and for each year thereafter.

(3) The term ``NOx SIP Call State'' means Connecticut, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia and the fine grid portions of Alabama, Georgia, Michigan, and Missouri.

(4) The term ``fine grid portions of Alabama, Georgia, Michigan, and Missouri'' means the areas in Alabama, Georgia, Michigan, and Missouri subject to 40 C.F.R. Part 51.121

(2001).

SEC. 462. GENERAL PROVISIONS.

The provisions of sections 402 through 406 shall not apply to this subpart.

SEC. 463. APPLICABLE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN.

(a) SIPS.--Except as provided in subsection (b), the applicable implementation plan for each NOx SIP Call State shall be consistent with the requirements, including the NOx SIP Call State's nitrogen oxides budget and compliance supplement pool, in 40 C.F.R. Part 51.121 and 51.122 (2001)

(b) Requirements.--Notwithstanding any provision to the contrary in 40 C.F.R. Part 51.121 and 51.122 (2001),

(1) the applicable implementation plan for each NOx SEP Call State shall require full implementation of the required emission control measures starting no later than the first ozone season; and

(2) starting January 1, 2008--

(A) the owners and operators of a boiler, combustion turbine, or integrated gasification combined cycle plant subject to emission reduction requirements or limitations under part B, C, or D shall not longer be subject to the requirements in a NOX SIP Call State's applicable implementation plan that meet the requirements of subsection

(a) and paragraph (1); and

(B) notwithstanding subparagraph (A), if the Administrator determines, by December 31, 2007, that a NOX SIP Call State's applicable implementation plan meets the requirements of subsection (a) and paragraph (1), such applicable implementation plan shall be deemed to continue to meet such requirements; and

(3)(A) The owner or operator or designated representative of a boiler, combustion turbine, or combined cycle system may submit to the Administrator a petition to allow use of nitrogen oxides allowances allocated for 2005 to meet the applicable requirement to hold nitrogen oxides allowances at least equal to 2004 ozone season emissions of such boiler, combustion turbine, or combined cycle system.

(B) A petition under this paragraph shall be submitted to the Administrator by February 1, 2004.

(C) The petition shall demonstrate that the owner or operator made reasonable efforts to install, at the boiler, combustion turbine, or combined cycle system, nitrogen oxides control technology designed to allow the owner or operator to meet such requirement to hold nitrogen oxides allowances.

(D) The petition shall demonstrate that there is an undue risk for the reliability of electricity supply (taking into account the feasibility of purchasing electricity or nitrogen oxides allowances) because--

(i) the owner or operator is not likely to be able to install and operate the technology under subparagraph (C) on a timely basis; or

(ii) the technology under subparagraph (C) is not likely to be able to achieve its design control level on a timely basis.

(E) The petition shall include a statement by the NOX SIP Call State where the boiler, combustion turbine, or combined cycle system is located that the NOX SIP Call State does not object to the petition.

(F) By May 30, 2004, by order, the Administrator shall approve the petition if it meets the requirements of subparagraphs (B) through (E).

(c) Savings Provision.--Nothing in this section or section 464 shall preclude or deny the right of any State or political subdivision thereof to adopt or enforce any regulation, requirement, limitation, or standard, relating to a boiler, combustion turbine, or integrated gasification combined cycle plant subject to emission reduction requirements or limitations under part B, C, or D, that is more stringent than a regulation, requirement, limitation, or standard in effect under this section or under any other provision of this Act.

SEC. 464. TERMINATION OF FEDERAL ADMINISTRATION OF

NOX TRADING PROGRAM FOR EGUS.

Starting January 1, 2008, with regard to any boiler, combustion turbine, or integrated gasification combined cycle plant subject to emission reduction requirements or limitations under part B, C, or D, the Administrator shall not administer any nitrogen oxides trading program included in any NOX SIP Call State's applicable implementation plan and meeting the requirements of section 463(a) and (b)(1).

SEC. 465. CARRYFORWARD OF PRE-2008 NITROGEN OXIDES

ALLOWANCES.

The Administrator shall promulgate regulations as necessary to assure that the requirement to hold allowances under section 452(a)(1) may be met using nitrogen oxides allowances allocated for an ozone season before 2008 under a nitrogen oxides trading program that the Administrator administers, is included in a NOX SIP Call State's applicable implementation plan, and meets the requirements of section 463(a) and (b)(1).

SEC. 466. NON-OZONE SEASON VOLUNTARY ACTION CREDITS

An affected facility that voluntarily elects to operate selective catalytic reduction (SCR) units, installed prior to enactment of this title, during the non-ozone season under section 461(2) shall be credited 0.5 allowances per ton of NOX emissions avoided as a result of operating these controls. The amount avoided will equal every ton of nitrogen oxides reduction below the allowable emission rate. The Administrator shall determine if any other existing NOX emission control devices are generally uneconomic to operate unless EGUs are provided incentives to control NOX emissions during the non-ozone season. If the Administrator finds that incentives using different control equipment are necessary to make the operation of these devices economic, the Administrator shall specify these types of control devices and, for an affected facility with these specified devices, installed prior to enactment of this title, that voluntarily elects to operate these devices during the nonozone season under section 461(2) shall be credited 0.5 allowances per ton of emissions avoided as a result of operating these controls. The Administrator shall promulgate regulations as necessary to establish this NOX allowance credit program. Failure of the Administrator to promulgate implementing regulations prior to voluntary reductions being undertaken by affected facilities shall not in any manner reduce the number of allowances an otherwise qualifying facility shall be credited upon promulgation of the regulations.

Part D--Mercury Emissions Reductions

SEC. 471. DEFINITIONS.

For purposes of this part:

(1) The term ``adjusted baseline heat input'' with regard to a unit means the unit's baseline heat input multiplied by--

(A) 1.0, for the portion of the baseline heat input that is the unit's average annual combustion of bituminous during the years on which the unit's baseline heat input is based;

(B) 3.0, for the portion of the baseline heat input that is the unit's average annual combustion of lignite during the years on which the unit's baseline heat input is based;

(C) 1.25, for the portion of the baseline heat input that is the unit's average annual combustion of subbituminous during the years on which the unit's baseline heat input is based; and

(D) 1.0, for the portion of the baseline heat input that is not covered by subparagraph (A), (B), or (C) or for the entire baseline heat input if such baseline heat input is not based on the unit's heat input in specified years.

(2) The term ``affected EGU'' means--

(A) for a unit serving a generator before the date of enactment of the Clear Skies Act of 2003, a coal-fired unit in a State serving a generator with a nameplate capacity of greater than 25 megawatts that produced or produces electricity for sale during 2002 or any year thereafter, except for a cogeneration unit meets the criteria for qualifying for a cogeneration facilities codified in Section 292.205 of Title 18 of the Code of Federal Regulations as issued on April 1, 2002 during 2002 and each year thereafter; and

(B) for a unit commencing service of a generator on or after the date of enactment of the Clear Skies Act of 2003, a coal-fired unit in a State serving a generator that produces electricity for sale during any year starting with the year the unit commences service of a generator, except for a cogeneration unit that meets the criteria for qualifying for a cogeneration facilities codified in Section 292.205 of Title 18 of the Code of Federal Regulations as issued on April 1, 2002, during each year starting with the year the unit commences service of a generator.

(C) Notwithstanding paragraphs (A) and (B), the term

``affected EGU'' does not include a solid waste incineration unit subject to section 129, a unit for the treatment, storage, or disposal of hazardous waste subject to section 3005 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act, or a unit with de minimus emissions equal to or less than 50 pounds on an annual basis.

SEC. 472. APPLICABILITY.

Starting January 1, 2010, it shall be unlawful for the affected EGUs at a facility in a State to emit a total amount of mercury during the year in excess of the number of mercury allowances held for such facility for that year by the owner or operator of the facility.

SEC. 473. LIMITATIONS ON TOTAL EMISSIONS.

For affected EGUs for 2010 and each year thereafter, the Administrator shall allocate mercury allowances pursuant to section 474.

TABLE A.--TOTAL MERCURY ALLOWANCES ALLOCATED FOR EGUS

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Mercury

Year allowances

allocated

------------------------------------------------------------------------

2010-2017.................................................. 1,088,000

2018 and thereafter........................................ 480,000

------------------------------------------------------------------------

SEC. 474. EGU ALLOCATIONS.

(a)(1) In General.--Not later than 24 months before the commencement date of the mercury allowance requirement of section 472, the Administrator shall promulgate regulations determining allocations of mercury allowances for 2010 and thereafter for units at a facility that commence commercial operation by and are affected EGUs as of date of enactment. The regulations shall provide that the Administrator shall allocate each year for such units an amount determined by multiplying by 0.95 the allocation amount in section 473 by the ratio of the total amount of the adjusted baseline heat input of such units at the facility to the total amount of adjusted baseline heat input of all affected EGUs.

(2) 5 percent of the total amount of nitrogen oxides allowances allocated each year under section 473 shall be allocated for units at a facility that commence commercial operation and are affected EGUs after the date of enactment. These units shall be allocated allowances for each year by multiplying the allocation amount under section 473 by the ratio of the total amount of the adjusted baseline heat input of such units at the facility to the total amount of adjusted baseline heat input to all affected EGUs, including those covered in paragraph (1). However, the regulations shall not allocate allowances to any affected unit in excess of the product of the unit's baseline heat input multiplied by the unit's allowable mercury emissions rate, divided by 2000.

(3) Allowances allocated under paragraph (2) shall be allocated to units on a first come basis determined by date of unit commencement of construction, provided that such unit actually commences commercial operation. As such, allocations to units under paragraph (2) will not be reduced as a result of new units commencing commercial operation.

(4) Allowances not allocated under paragraph (2) shall be allocated to units in paragraphs (1) and (2) on a pro rata basis.

(5) For each year 2010 and thereafter, if the Administrator has not promulgated the regulations determining allocation under subsection (a):

(i) each affected unit shall comply with section 472 by providing annual notice to the permitting authority. Such notice shall indicate the amount of allowances the affected unit believes it has for the relevant year and the amount of mercury emissions for such year. The amount of mercury emissions shall be determined using reasonable industry accepted methods unless the Administrator has promulgated applicable monitoring and alternative monitoring requirements; and

(ii) upon promulgation of regulations under subsection (a) determining the allocations for 2010 and thereafter, and promulgating regulations under section 403(b) providing for the transfer of mercury allowances and section 403(c) establishing an Allowance Transfer System for mercury allowances, each unit's emissions shall be compared to and reconcile with its actual allocations under the promulgated regulation. Each unit will have nine (9) months to submit allowances to the Administrator, without recompense, for any allowances shortfall. The submitted allowances may have been obtained and held by any mechanism consistent with the Act including, but not limited to, direct sale. Any unit with an allowance excess shall be credited allowances in accordance with section 475.

SEC. 475. MERCURY EARLY ACTION REDUCTION CREDITS.

(a) The Administrator shall promulgate regulations within 18 months authorizing the allocation of nitrogen oxides allowances to units designated under this section that install or modify pollution control equipment or combustion technology improvements identified in such regulations after the date of enactment of this section and prior to January 1, 2010.

(b) No allowances shall be allocated under this paragraph for emissions reductions: attributable to pollution control equipment or combustion technology improvements that were operational or under construction at any time prior to the date of enactment of this section; attributable to fuel switching; or required under any federal regulation.

(c) The allowances allocated to any unit under this paragraph shall be in addition to the allowances allocated under section 474 and shall be allocated in an amount equal to one allowance of mercury for each 1.05 tons of reduction in emissions of mercury achieved by the pollution control equipment or combustion technology improvements starting with the year in which the equipment or improvement is implemented. The early compliance reduction allowances available under this section shall be used and tradeable in the same manner as allowances under section 474.

(d) The Administrator shall promulgate regulations as necessary to ensure affected units receive early compliance allowance credit. Early compliance allowances shall be allocated at the end of an early compliance year. Should the Administrator fail to promulgate allocation regulations by the end of a given year, early compliance allowances for each year shall be allocated at the earliest possible time after allocation regulations are promulgated.

Part E--National Emission Standards; Research, Environmental Accountability; Major Source Preconstruction Review and Best Available

Retrofit Control Technology Requirements

SEC. 481. NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR AFFECTED UNITS.

(a) Definitions.--For purposes of this section:

(1) The term ``commenced'', with regard to construction, means that an owner or operator has either undertaken a continuous program of construction or has entered into a contractual obligation to undertake and complete, within a reasonable time, a continuous program of construction. For boilers and integrated gasification combined cycle plants, this term does not include undertaking such a program or entering into such an obligation more than 36 months prior to the date on which the unit begins operation. For combustion turbines, this term does not include undertaking such a program or entering into such an obligation more than 18 months prior to the date on which the unit begins operation.

(2) The term ``construction'' means fabrication, erection, or installation of an affected unit.

(3) The term ``affected unit'' means any unit that is subject to emission limitations under subpart 2 of part B, subpart 2 of part C, or part D.

(4) The term ``existing affected unit'' means any affected unit that is not a new affected unit.

(5) The term ``new affected unit;'' means any affected unit, the construction or reconstruction of which is commenced after the date of enactment of the Clear Skies Act of 2003, except that for the purpose of any revision of a standard pursuant to subsection (e), ``new affected unit'' means any affected unit, the construction or reconstruction of which is commenced after the publication of regulations

(or, if earlier, proposed regulations) prescribing a standard under this section that will apply to such unit.

(6) The term ``reconstruction'' means the replacement of components of a unit to such an extent that--

(A) the fixed capital cost of the new components exceeds 50 percent of the fixed capital cost that would be required to construct a comparable entirely new unit; and

(B) it is technologically and economically feasible to meet the applicable standards set forth in this section.

(b) Emission Standards.--

(1) In general.--No later than 12 months after the date of enactment of the Clear Skies Act of 2003, the Administrator shall promulgate regulations prescribing the standards in subsections (c) through (d) for the specified affected units and establishing requirements to ensure compliance with these standards, including monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements.

(2) Monitoring.--(A) The owner or operator of any affected unit subject to the standards for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, or mercury under this section shall meet the requirements of section 405, except that, where two or more units utilize a single stack, separate monitoring shall be required for each affected unit for the pollutants for which the unit is subject to such standards.

(B) The Administrator shall, by regulation, require--

(i) the owner or operator of any affected unit subject to the standards for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, or mercury under this section to--

(I) install and operate GEMS for monitoring output, including electricity and useful thermal energy, on the affected unit and to quality assure the data; and

(II) comply with recordkeeping and reporting requirements, including provisions for reporting output data in megawatt hours.

(ii) the owner or operator of any affected unit subject to the standards for particulate matter under this section to--

(I) install and operate CEMS for monitoring particulate matter on the affected unit and to quality assure the data;

(II) comply with recordkeeping and reporting requirements; and

(III) comply with alternative monitoring, quality assurance, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements for any period of time for which the Administrator determines that CEMS with appropriate vendor guarantees are not commercially available for particulate matter.

(3) Compliance.--For boilers, integrated gasification combined cycle plants, and coal fired or gas-fired combustion turbines the Administrator shall require that the owner or operator demonstrate compliance with the standards daily, using a 30-day rolling average, except that in the case of mercury, the compliance period shall be the calendar year. For combustion turbines that are oil-fired the Administrator shall require that the owner or operator demonstrate compliance with the standards hourly, using a 4-hour rolling average.

(c) Boilers and Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Plants.--

(1) After the effective date of standards promulgated under subsection (b), no owner or operator shall cause any boiler or integrated gasification combined cycle plant that is a new affected unit to discharge into the atmosphere any gases which contain--

(A) sulfur dioxide in excess of 2.0 lb/MWh;

(B) nitrogen oxides in excess of 1.0 lb/MWh;

(C) particulate matter in excess of 0.20 lb/MWh; or

(D) if the unit is coal-fired, mercury in excess of 0.015 lb/GWh, unless--

(i) mercury emissions from the unit, determined assuming no use of on-site or off-site pre-combustion treatment of coal and no use of technology that captures mercury, are reduced by 80 percent;

(ii) flue gas desulfurization (FGD) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) are applied to the unit; or

(iii) a technology is applied to the unit and the permitting authority determines that the technology is equivalent in terms of mercury capture to the application of FGD and SCR.

(2) Notwithstanding subparagraph (1)(D), integrated gasification combined cycle plants with a combined capacity of less than 5 GW are exempt from the mercury requirement under subparagraph (1)(D) if they are constructed as part of a demonstration project under the Secretary of Energy that will include a demonstration of removal of significant amounts of mercury as determined by the Secretary of Energy in conjunction with the Administrator as part of the solicitation process.

(3) After the effective date of standards promulgated under subsection (b), no owner or operator shall cause any oil-fired boiler that is an existing affected unit to discharge into the atmosphere any gases which contain particulate matter in excess of 0.30 lb/MWh.

(d) Combustion Turbines.--

(1) After the effective date of standards promulgated under subsection (b), no owner or operator shall cause any gas-fired combustion turbine that is a new affected unit to discharge into the atmosphere any gases which contain nitrogen oxides in excess of--

(A) 0.56 lb/MWh (15 ppm at 15 percent oxygen), if the unit is a simple cycle combustion turbine;

(B) 0.084 lb/MWh (3.5 ppm at 15 percent oxygen), if the unit is not a simple cycle combustion turbine and either uses add-on controls or is located within 50 km of a class I area; or

(C) 0.21 lb/MWh (9 ppm at 15 percent oxygen), if the unit is not a simple cycle turbine and neither uses add-on controls nor is located within 50 km of a class I area.

(2) After the effective date of standards promulgated under subsection (b), no owner or operator shall cause any coal-fired combustion turbine that is a new affected unit to discharge into the atmosphere any gases which contain sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, or mercury in excess of the emission limits under subparagraphs (c)(1) (A) through (D).

(3) After the effective date of standards promulgated under subsection (b), no owner or operator shall cause any combustion turbine that is not gas-fired or coal-fired and that is a new affected unit to discharge into the atmosphere any gases which contain--

(A) sulfur dioxide in excess of 2.0 lb/MWh;

(B) nitrogen oxides in excess of--

(i) 0.2891b/MWh (12 ppm at 15 percent oxygen), if the unit is not a simple cycle combustion turbine, is dual-fuel capable, and uses add-on controls; or is not a simple cycle combustion turbine and is located within 50 km of a class I area;

(ii) 1.01 lb/MWh (42 ppm at 15 percent oxygen), if the unit is a simple cycle combustion turbine; is not a simple cycle combustion turbine and is not dual-fuel capable; or is not a simple cycle combustion turbine, is dual-fuel capable, and does not use add-on controls.

(C) particulate matter in excess of 0.20 lb/MWh.

(e) Periodic Review and Revision.--

(1) The Administrator shall, at least every 8 years following the promulgation of standards under subsection (b), review and, if appropriate, revise such standards to reflect the degree of emission limitation demonstrated by substantial evidence to be achievable through the application of the best system of emission reduction which (taking into account the cost of achieving such reduction and any nonair quality health and environmental impacts and energy requirements). When implementation and enforcement of any requirement of this Act indicate that emission limitations and percent reductions beyond those required by the standards promulgated under this section are achieved in practice, the Administrator shall, when revising standards promulgated under this section, consider the emission limitations and percent reductions achieved in practice.

(2) Notwithstanding the requirements of paragraph (1) the Administrator need not review any standard promulgated under subsection (b) if the Administrator determines that such review is not appropriate in light of readily available information on the efficacy of such standard.

(f) Effective Date.--The standard promulgated pursuant to this section shall become effective upon promulgation.

(g) Delegation.--

(1) Each State may develop and submit to the Administration a procedure for implementing and enforcing standards promulgated under this section for affected units located in such State. If the Administrator finds the State procedure is adequate, the Administrator shall delegate to such State any authority the Administrator has under this Act to implement and enforce such standards.

(2) Nothing in this subsection shall prohibit the Administrator from enforcing any applicable standard under this section.

(h) Violations.--After the effective date of standards promulgated under this section, it shall be unlawful for any owner or operator of any affected unit to operate such unit in violation of any standard, established by this section applicable to such unit.

(i) Coordination With Other Authorities.--For purposes of sections III(e), 113, 114, 116, 120, 303, 304, 307 and other provisions for the enforcement of this Act, each standard established pursuant to this section shall be treated in the same manner as a standard of performance under section 111, and each affected unit subject to standards under this section shall be treated in the same manner as a stationary source under section 111.

(j) State Authority.--Nothing in this section shall preclude or deny the right of any State or political subdivision thereof to adopt or enforce any regulation, requirement, limitation, or standard relating to affected units, or other EGUs, that is more stringent than a regulation, requirement, limitation, or standard in effect under this section or under any other provision of this Act.

(k) Other Authority Under This Act.--Nothing in this section shall diminish the authority of the Administrator or a State to establish any other requirements applicable to affected units under any other authority of law, including the authority to establish for any air pollutant a national ambient air quality standard, except that no new affected unit subject to standards under this section shall be subject to standards under section 111 of this Act.

SEC. 482. RESEARCH, ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING, AND ASSESSMENT.

(a) Purposes.--The Administrator, in collaboration with the Secretary of Energy and the Secretary of the Interior, shall conduct a comprehensive program of research, environmental monitoring, and assessment to enhance scientific understanding of the human health and environmental effects of particulate matter and mercury and to demonstrate the efficacy of emission reductions under this title for purposes of reporting to Congress under (e)(2). The purposes of such a program are to--

(1) expand current research and knowledge of the contribution of emissions from electricity generation to exposure and health effects associated with particulate matter and mercury;

(2) enhance current research and development of promising multi-pollutant control strategies and CEMS for mercury;

(3) produce peer-reviewed scientific and technology information;

(4) improve environmental monitoring and assessment of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and mercury, and their transformation products, to track changes in human health and the environment attributable to emission reductions under this title; and

(5) periodically provide peer-reviewed reports on the costs, benefits, and effectiveness of emission reductions achieved under this title.

(b) Research.--The Administrator shall enhance planned and ongoing laboratory and field research and modeling analyses, and conduct new research and analyses to produce peer-reviewed information concerning the human health and environmental effects of mercury and particulate matter and the contribution of United States electrical generating units to those effects. Such information shall be included in the report under subsection (d). In addition, such research and analyses shall--

(1) improve understanding of the rates and processes governing chemical and physical transformations of mercury in the atmosphere, including speciation of emissions from electricity generation and the transport of these species;

(2) improve understanding of the contribution of mercury emissions from electricity generation to mercury in fish and other biota, including--

(A) the response of and contribution to mercury in the biota owing to atmospheric deposition of mercury from U.S. electricity generation on both local and regional scales;

(B) long-term contributions of mercury from U.S. electricity generation on mercury accumulations in ecosystems, and the effects of mercury reductions in that sector on the environment and public health;

(C) the role and contribution of mercury, from U.S. electricity generating facilities and anthropogenic and natural sources to fish contamination and to human exposure, particularly with respect to sensitive populations;

(D) the contribution of U.S. electricity generation to population exposure to mercury in freshwater fish and seafood and quantification of linkages between U.S. mercury emissions and domestic mercury exposure and its health effects; and

(E) the contribution of mercury from U.S. electricity generation in the context of other domestic and international sources of mercury, including transport of global anthropogenic and natural background levels;

(3) improve understanding of the health effects of fine particulate matter components related to electricity generation emissions (as distinct from other fine particle fractions and indoor air exposures) and the contribution of U.S. electrical generating units to those effects including--

(A) the chronic effects of fine particulate matter from electricity generation in sensitive population groups; and

(B) personal exposure to fine particulate matter from electricity generation; and

(4) improve understanding, by way of a review of the literature, of methods for valuing human health and environmental benefits associated with fine particulate matter and mercury.

(c) Innovative Control Technologies.--The Administrator shall collaborate with the Secretary of Energy to enhance research and development, and conduct new research that facilitates research into and development of innovative technologies to control sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, mercury, and particulate matter at a lower cost than existing technologies. Such research and development shall provide updated information on the cost and feasibility of technologies. Such information shall be included in the report under subsection (d). In addition, the research and development shall--

(1) upgrade cost and performance models to include results from ongoing and future electricity generation and pollution control demonstrations by the Administrator and the Secretary of Energy;

(2) evaluate the overall environmental implications of the various technologies tested including the impact on the characteristics of coal combustion residues;

(3) evaluate the impact of the use of selective catalytic reduction on mercury emissions from the combustion of all coal types;

(4) evaluate the potential of integrated gasification combined cycle to adequately control mercury;

(5) expand current programs by the Administrator to conduct research and promote, lower cost CEMS capable of providing real-time measurements of both speciated and total mercury and integrated compact CEMS that provide cost-effective real-time measurements of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and mercury;

(6) expand lab- and pilot-scale mercury and multi-pollutant control programs by the Secretary of Energy and the Administrator, including development of enhanced sorbents and scrubbers for use on all coal types;

(7) characterize mercury emissions from low-rank coals, for a range of traditional control technologies, like scrubbers and selective catalytic reduction; and

(8) improve low cost combustion modifications and controls for dry-bottom boilers.

(d) Environmental Accountability.--

(1) Monitoring and assessment.--The Administrator shall conduct a program of environmental monitoring and assessment to track on a continuing basis, changes in human health and the environment attributable to the emission reductions required under this title. Such a program shall--

(A) develop and employ methods to routinely monitor, collect, and compile data on the status and trends of mercury and its transformation products in emissions from affected facilities, atmospheric deposition, surface water quality, and biological systems. Emphasis shall be placed on those methods that--

(i) improve the ability to routinely measure mercury in dry deposition processes;

(ii) improve understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution of mercury deposition in order to determine source-receptor relationships and patterns of long-range, regional, and local deposition;

(iii) improve understanding of aggregate exposures and additive effects of methylmercury and other pollutants; and

(iv) improve understanding of the effectiveness and cost of mercury emissions controls;

(B) modernize and enhance the national air quality and atmospheric deposition monitoring networks in order to cost-effectively expand and integrate, where appropriate, monitoring capabilities for sulfur, nitrogen, and mercury to meet the assessment and reporting requirements of this section;

(C) perform and enhance long-term monitoring of sulfur, nitrogen, and mercury, and parameters related to acidification, nutrient enrichment, and mercury bioaccumulation in freshwater and marine biota;

(D) maintain and upgrade models that describe the interactions of emissions with the atmosphere and resulting air quality implications and models that describe the response of ecosystems to atmospheric deposition; and

(E) assess indicators of ecosystems health related to sulfur, nitrogen, and mercury, including characterization of the causes and effects of episodic exposure to air pollutants and evaluation of recovery.

(2) Reporting requirements.--Not later than January 1, 2008, and not later than every 4 years thereafter, the Administrator shall provide a peer reviewed report to the Congress on the costs, benefits, and effectiveness of emission reduction programs under this title.

(A) The report under this subparagraph shall address the relative contribution of emission reductions from U.S. electricity generation under this title compared to the emission reductions achieved under other titles of the Clean Air Act with respect to--

(i) actual and projected emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and mercury;

(ii) average ambient concentrations of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides transformation products, related air quality parameters, and indicators of reductions in human exposure;

(iii) status and trends in total atmospheric deposition of sulfur, nitrogen, and mercury, including regional estimates of total atmospheric deposition;

(iv) status and trends in visibility;

(v) status of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems (including forests and forested watersheds, streams, lakes, rivers, estuaries, and nearcoastal waters);

(vi) status of mercury and its transformation products in fish;

(vii) causes and effects of atmospheric deposition, including changes in surface water quality, forest and soil conditions;

(viii) occurrence and effects of coastal eutrophication and episodic acidification, particularly with respect to high elevation watersheds; and

(ix) reduction in atmospheric deposition rates that should be achieved to prevent or reduce adverse ecological effects.

(B) The report under this subparagraph shall address the relative contribution of the United States to world-wide emissions as well as a comparison of the stringency of fossil fuel-fired requirements under the Act to other countries.

SEC. 483. MAJOR SOURCE PRECONSTRUCTION REVIEW REQUIREMENTS

AND BEST AVAILABLE RETROFIT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY

REQUIREMENTS; APPLICABILITY TO AFFECTED UNITS.

(a) Major Source Exemption.--An affected unit shall not be considered a major emitting facility or major stationary source, or a part of a major emitting facility or major stationary source for purposes of compliance with the requirements of parts C and part D of title I nor shall it otherwise be subject to the requirements of section 169A or 169B. This applicability provision only applies to affected units that are either subject to the performance standards of section 481 or meet the following requirements within 3 years after the date of enactment of the Clear Skies Act of 2003:

(1) The owner or operator of the affected unit properly operates, maintains and repairs pollution control equipment to limit emissions of particulate matter, or the owner or operator of the affected unit is subject to an enforceable permit issued pursuant to title V or a permit program approved or promulgated as part of an applicable implementation plan to limit the emissions of particulate matter from the affected unit to 0.03 lb/mmBtu within 8 years after the date of enactment of the Clear Skies Act of 2003, and

(2) The owner or operator of the affected unit uses good combustion practices to minimize emissions of carbon monoxide. Good combustion practices may be accomplished through control technology, combustion technology improvements, or workplace practices.

(b) Class I Area Protections.--Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a), an affected unit located within 50 km of a Class I area on which construction commences after the date of enactment of the Clear Skies Act of 2003 is subject to those provisions under part C of title I pertaining to the review of a new or reconstructed major stationary source's impact on a Class I area.

(c) Preconstruction Requirements.--Each State shall include in its plan under section 110, as program to provide for the regulation of the construction of an affected unit that ensures that the following requirements are met prior to the commencement of construction of an affected unit--

(1) in an area designated as attainment or unclassifiable under section 107(d), the owner or operator of the affected unit must demonstrate to the State that the emissions increase from the construction or operation of such unit will not cause, or contribute to, air pollution in excess of any national ambient air quality standard;

(2) in an area designated as nonattainment under section 107(d), the State must determine that the emissions increase from the construction or operation of such unit will not interfere with any program to assure that the national ambient air quality standards are achieved provided that interference with any program will be deemed not to occur, with respect to each nonattainment area located wholly or partially within the State, if on the date of submission of a complete permit application and throughout a continuous period of three years immediately preceding such date, the nonattainment area was in full compliance with all requirements of this Act, including but not limited to requirements for State Implementation Plans;

(3) for a reconstructed unit, prior to beginning operation, the unit must comply with either the performance standards of section 481 or best available control technology as defined in part C of title I for the pollutants whose hourly emissions will increase at the unit's maximum capacity; and

(4) the State must provide for an opportunity for interested persons to comment on the Class I area protections and preconstruction requirements as set forth in this section.

(d) Definitions.--For purposes of this section:

(1) The term ``affected unit'' means any unit that is subject to emission limitations under subpart 2 of part B, subpart 2 of part C, or part D.

(2) The term ``construction'' includes the construction of a new affected unit and the modification of any affected unit.

(3) The term ``modification'' means any physical change in, or change in the method of operation of, an affected unit that increases the maximum hourly emissions of any pollutant regulated under this Act above the maximum hourly emissions achievable at that unit during the 5 years prior to the change or that results in the emission of any pollutant regulated under this Act and not previously emitted.

(e) Savings Clause.--Nothing in this section shall preclude or deny the right of any State or political subdivision thereof to adopt to enforce any regulation, requirements, limitation, or standard relating to affected units that is more stringent than a regulation, requirement, limitation, or standard in effect under this section or under any other provision of this Act.

SEC. 3. OTHER AMENDMENTS.

(a) Title I of the Clean Air Act is amended as follows:

(1) In section 103 by repealing subparagraphs (E) and (F).

(2) In section 107--

(A) By amending subparagraph (A) of subsection (d)(1) as follows:

(i) strike `or' at the end of clause (ii);

(ii) strike the period at the end of clause (iii) and insert, ``or'';

(iii) add the following clause (iv) after clause (iii):

(iv) notwithstanding clauses (i) through (iii), an area may be designated transitional for the PM 2.5 national primary or secondary ambient air quality standards or the 8-hour ozone national primary or secondary ambient air quality standard if the Administrator has performed air quality modeling and, in the case of an area that needs additional local control measures, the State has performed supplemental air quality modeling, demonstrating that the area will attain the applicable standard or standards no later than December 31, 2015, and such modeling demonstration and all necessary local controls have been approved into the State implementation plan no later than December 31, 2004.

(iv) add at the end a sentence to read as follows: `For purposes of the PM 2.5 national primary or secondary ambient air quality standards, the time period for the State to submit the designations shall be extended to no later than December 31, 2003.

(B) By amending clause (i) of subsection (d)(1)(B) by adding at the end a sentence to read as follows: `The Administrator shall not be required to designate areas for the revised PM 2.5 national primary or secondary ambient air quality standards prior to 6 months after the States are required to submit recommendations under section 107(d)(1)(A), but in no event shall the period for designating such areas be extended beyond December 31, 2004.

(3) In section 110 as follows:

(A) By amending clause (i) of subsection (a)(2)(D) by inserting ``except as provided in subsection (q),'' before the word ``prohibiting''.

(B) By adding the following new subsections at the end thereof:

``(q) Review of Certain Plans.--(1) The Administrator shall, in reviewing, under clause (i) of subsection

(a)(2)(D), any plan with respect to affected units, within the meaning of section 126(d)(l)--

(A) consider, among other relevant factors, emissions reductions required to occur by the attainment date or dates of any relevant nonattainment areas in the other State or States;

``(B) not require submission of plan provisions mandating emissions reductions from such affected units, unless the Administrator determines that--

``(i) emissions from such units may be reduced at least as cost-effectively as emissions from each other principal category of sources of the relevant pollutant, pollutants, or pre-cursors thereof, including industrial boilers, on-road mobile sources, and off-road mobile sources, and any other category of sources that the Administrator may identify, and

``(ii) reductions in such emissions will improve air quality in the other State's or States' nonattainment areas at least as cost-effectively as reductions in emissions from each other principal category of sources of the relevant pollutant, pollutants, or pre-cursors thereof, to the maximum extent that a methodology is reasonably available to make such a determination;

``(C) develop an appropriate peer reviewed methodology for making determinations under subparagraph (B) by December 31, 2006; and

``(D) not require submission of plan provisions subjecting affected units, within the meaning of section 126(d)(1), to requirements with an effective date prior to December 31, 2014.

``(2) In making the determination under clause (ii) of subparagraph (B) of paragraph (1), the Administrator will use the best available peer-reviewed models and methodology that consider the proximity of the source or sources to the other State or States and incorporate other source characteristics.

``(3) Nothing in paragraph (1) shall be interpreted to require revisions to the provisions of 40 C.F.R. Parts 51.121 and 51.122 (2001).

``(r) Transitional Areas.--

``(1) Maintenance.--(A) By December 31, 2011, each area designated as transitional pursuant to section 107(d)(1) shall submit an updated emission inventory and an analysis of whether growth in emissions, including growth in vehicle miles traveled, will interfere with attainment by December 31, 2014.

``(B) No later than December 31, 2011, the Administrator shall review each transitional area's maintenance analysis, and, if the Administrator determines that growth in emissions will interfere with attainment by December 31, 2014, the Administrator shall consult with the State and determine what action, if any, is necessary to assure that attainment will be achieved by December 31, 2014.

``(2) Prevention of significant deterioration.--Each area designated as transitional pursuant to section 107(d)(1) shall be treated as an attainment or unclassifiable area for purposes of the prevention of significant deterioration provisions of part C of this title.

``(3) Consequences of failure to attain by 2015.--No later than June 30, 2016, the Administrator shall determine whether each area designated as transitional for the 8-hour ozone standard or for the PM 2.5 standard has attained that standard. If the Administrator determines that a transitional area has not attained the standard, the area shall be redesignated as nonattainment within 1 year of the determination and the State shall be required to submit a State implementation plan revision satisfying the provisions of section 172 within 3 years of redesignation as nonattainment.

``(4) In section 111(b)(1) by adding the following new subparagraph (C) after subparagraph (B):

``(C) No standards of performance promulgated under this section shall apply to units subject to regulations promulgated pursuant to section 481.

``(5) In section 112:

``(A) by amending paragraph (1) of subsection (c) to read as follows:

``(1) In general.--Not later than 12 months after November 15, 1990, the Administrator shall publish, and shall from time to time, but not less often than every 8 years, revise, if appropriate, in response to public comment or new information, a list of all categories and subcategories of major sources and area sources (listed under paragraph (3)) of the air pollutants listed pursuant to subsection (b). Electric utility steam generating units not subject to section 3005 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act shall not be included in any category or subcategory listed under this subsection. The Administrator shall have the authority to regulate the emission of hazardous air pollutants listed under section 112(b), other than mercury compounds, by electric utility steam generating units, provided that any determination shall be based on public health concerns and, on an individual source basis shall: consider the effects of emissions controls installed or anticipated to be installed in order to meet other emission reduction requirements under this Act by 2018; and, be based on a peer reviewed study with notice and opportunity to comment, to be completed not before January 2015. Any such regulations shall be promulgated within, and shall not take effect before, the date 8 years after the commencement date of the requirements set forth in section 472. To the extent practicable, the categories and subcategories listed under this subsection shall be consistent with the list of source categories established pursuant to section 111 and part C. Nothing in the preceding sentence limits the Administrator's authority to establish subcategories under this section, as appropriate.

``(B) By amending subparagraph (A) of subsection (n)(1) is amended to read as follows:

``(A) The Administrator shall perform a study of the hazards to public health reasonably anticipated to occur as a result of emissions by electric utility steam generating units of pollutants listed under subsection (b) after imposition of the requirements of this Act. The Administrator shall report the results of this study to the Congress within 3 years after November 15, 1990.

``(6) Section 126 is amended as follows:

``(A) By replacing `section 110(a)(2)(D)(ii) or this section' in subsection (b) with `section 110(a)(2)(D)(i)'.

``(B) By replacing `this section and the prohibition of section 110(a)(2)(D)(ii)' in subsection (e)(1) with `the prohibition of section 110(a)(2)(D)(i)'.

``(C) In the language at end of subsection (c) by striking

`section 110(a)(2)(D)(ii)' and inserting `section 110(a)(2)(D)(i)' and deleting the last sentence.

``(D) By amending subsection (d) to read as follows:

``(d)(1) For purposes of this subsection, the term

`affected unit' means any unit that is subject to emission limitations under subpart 2 of part B, subpart 2 of part C, or part D, or is a designated unit under section 407.

``(2) To the extent that any petition submitted under subsection (b) after the date of enactment of the Clear Skies Act of 2003 seeks a finding for any affected unit, then, notwithstanding any provision in subsections (a) through (c) to the contrary--

``(A) in determining whether to make a finding under subsection (b) for any affected unit, the Administrator shall consider, among other relevant factors, emissions reductions required to occur by the attainment date or dates of any relevant nonattainment areas in the petitioning State or political subdivision;

``(B) the Administrator may not determine that affected units emit, or would emit, any air pollutant in violation of the prohibition of section 110(a)(2)(D)(i) unless that Administrator determines that--

``(i) such emissions may be reduced at least as cost-effectively as emissions from each other principal category of sources of sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxides, including industrial boilers, on-road mobile sources, and off- road mobile sources, and any other category of sources that the Administrator may identify; and

``(ii) reductions in such emissions will improve air quality in the petitioning State's nonattainment area or areas at least as cost-effectively as reductions in emissions from each other principal category of sources of sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxides to the maximum extent that a methodology is reasonably available to make such a determination.

In making the determination under clause (ii), the Administrator shall use the best available peer-reviewed models and methodology that consider the proximity of the source or sources to the petitioning State or political subdivision and incorporate other sources characteristics.

``(C) The Administrator shall develop an appropriate peer reviewed methodology for making determinations under subparagraph (B) by December 31, 2006.

``(D) The Administrator shall not make any findings with respect to an affected unit under this section prior to December 1, 2011. For any petition submitted prior to January 1, 2010, the Administrator shall make a finding or deny the petition by the December 31, 2011.

``(E) The Administrator, by rulemaking, shall extend the compliance and implementation deadlines in subsection (c) to the extent necessary to assure that no affected unit shall be subject to any such deadline prior to January 1, 2014.''

(b) Title III.--Section 307(d)(1)(G) of title III of the Clean Air Act is amended to read as follows:

``(G) the promulgation or revision of any regulation under title IV,''.

(c) Noise Pollution.--Title N of the Clean Air Act

(relating to noise pollution) (42 U.S.C. 7641 et seq.) is redesignated as title VII and amended by renumbering sections 401 through 403 as sections 701 through 703, respectively and conforming all cross-references thereto accordingly.

(d) Section 406.--Title IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (relating to acid deposition control) is amended by repealing section 406 (industrial Sulfur dioxide emissions).

(e) Monitoring.--Section 821 (a) of title VIII of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (miscellaneous provisions) is amended to read as follows:

``(a) Monitoring.--The Administrator shall promulgate regulations within 18 months after November 15, 1990, to require that all affected sources subject to subpart 1 of part B of title IV of the Clean Air Act as of December 31, 2009, shall also monitor carbon dioxide emissions according to the same timetable as in section 405(b). The required monitoring may be no more stringent than that required by any two of the four most populous countries for units comparable to the affected units in the United States. The regulations shall require that such data be reported to the Administrator. The provisions of section 405(e) of title IV of the Clean Air Act shall apply for purposes of this section in the same manner and to the same extent as such provision applies to the monitoring and data referred to in section 405. The Administrator shall implement this subsection under 40 CFR Part 75 (2002), amended as appropriate by the Administrator.''

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SOURCE: Congressional Record Vol. 149, No. 162